DACS_TRANSFORM(8) | DACS Web Services and CGI | DACS_TRANSFORM(8)

## NAME

dacs_transform — rule-based document transformation

## SYNOPSIS

`dacs_transform` [`dacsoptions`]

## DESCRIPTION

This web service is part of the DACS suite.

dacs_transform can perform a variety of transformations on an original document to produce a new document. Transformations such as redaction, insertion, and replacement are available. What makes the program interesting is that any transformation can depend on a rule that is evaluated at run-time, allowing a new document to be tailored for a specific user or context.

The program looks for embedded markup (meta-information) called directives in the input document. A directive specifies a conditional (rule-based) or unconditional operation that is evaluated at that point in the document to determine the output text that is to be interpolated into the program's output. Text outside of a directive is copied verbatim to the program's output.

One application of this software is to produce different versions of documentation from the same input. For example, consider a requirement to produce technical documentation for a series of printers where the printers are substantially the same (their documentation shares a lot of the same text and graphics) but each model has unique features or capabilities. Instead of producing a single manual that describes all models, which makes the manual larger and more complicated than necessary, this software provides a convenient way to create model-specific documentation from the same input. This means that the documentation common to all printers is shared by all of the manuals, yet the manual for each printer is easily customized for the particular printer.

### Note

- dacs_transform is similar in concept or purpose to the Apache modules mod_include and mod_rewrite. It is not an Apache module, however, and can therefore be used with any web server, and provides rich, rule-based selection of regions for processing. It can be used in conjunction with mod_ext_filter. It is also conceptually similar to languages like PHP where ordinary content and special processing directives can be combined within a document.

- The dacstransform(1) command provides similar functionality from the command line. The transform() function is also available.

- dacs_transform and dacstransform can be particularly useful tools for generating both static and dynamic web pages from template files.

- For security reasons, access to dacs_transform is disabled by default. Some configuration capabilities and features expected in a production version have not been implemented. If there are multiple identities, only one identity (`REMOTE_USER`) is available during rule processing.

### Regions

A directive delimits a region within the source document. A directive that is enabled processes its region in some way, otherwise the directive and its region are disabled and produce no output. Whether a directive is enabled or disabled depends on the DACS rule that is named in the directive. Zero-length regions (i.e., regions with no content) are allowed.

The output that is produced by dacs_transform depends on input that is copied verbatim, the selection of regions in the original document, the document's rules, region evaluation, and the context in which the rules are evaluated. Rules can not only inspect the requesting user's identity (based on the environment variable `REMOTE_USER`), including roles (obtained from `DACS_ROLES`), they can employ C-like expressions and a variety of built-in functions (see dacs.exprs(5)). Directives are not emitted as part of the transformed document.

Every conditional region is given a name. With the exception of reserved names, region names have no particular significance to dacs_transform; they are simply attributes to which rules may refer. Each document will usually have one or more rules associated with it.

For example, an author might assign a name representing a security level to each region in a document: `public`, `secret`, `top-secret`, and so on. For each of these security levels, a specified set of rules would be examined by dacs_transform to decide which identities are granted (or denied) access to the corresponding region. In this way, different users may be given different versions of the same source document; some users might not be able to view `secret` and `top-secret` content, other might be able to view all content.

A document that combined text written in different languages might name regions `English`, `French`, `Russian`, and so on; the English regions might be enabled by dacs_transform based on the user's DACS role or the user's stored preference for that language. Another document might contain region names corresponding to time zones: `PST`, `MST`, `EST`, and so on. A rule might then require the time zone associated with the location corresponding to the user's apparent IP address to match that of the region being tested. Or an audio stream or speech synthesis content might be automatically enabled if a user has a role that indicates she is visually impaired.

At present, no facility is available to assist with working with meta-information. It must either be added manually or generated by an application that understands how to insert meta-information in its output.

#### Directive and Attribute Syntax

In an HTML document served by dacs_transform, a region consists of a single directive or is delimited by a pair of directives. All other document content is ignored with respect to transformation. By default, directives are contained within HTML-style comments and the start of a directive is indicated by a line having the initial nine characters "`<!--DACS` " and ending with the normal HTML end-of-comment syntax, "`-->`". Such a line is unlikely to occur in a document by accident, but the syntax is configurable.

### Note

- Whitespace is not ignored at the beginning or end of an input line.

- Because the syntax for comments defined for HTML is also acceptable in SGML and XML (and any similar markup language that is based on SGML), dacs_transform can also work with those documents.

- A directive cannot be "commented out" except by modifying the line on which it occurs so that the directive will not be recognized as such. That is, the context in which a directive occurs with respect to the original document is not considered by dacs_transform.

A directive contains one or more `attribute`="`value`" pairs. Exactly one attribute name must be a directive name that indicates the operation to be performed. An attribute name must be a syntactically valid variable name. The `value` must be enclosed in matching double quotes, single quotes, or backticks (decimal ASCII code 96). Backtick quotes are treated differently in that the enclosed string is evaluated as an expression. Variables from the `Env` and `Conf` namespaces are instantiated. The current directive's attributes are accessible in the `Attr` namespace; these attribute values are unevaluated and quoted.

This example input contains two regions:

    <!--DACS begin="English" -->
    Hello!
    <!--DACS end="English" -->
    <!--DACS begin="French" -->
    Bonjour!
    <!--DACS end="French" -->

### Note

- For all directives, the region name "`*`" is reserved and indicates that the region should be enabled without evaluating any rule. If an author wants to always insert some text or an identification string, for instance, this feature eliminates the need to create a rule that does nothing other than return `True`.

- For all directives, a region name prefixed by the negation operator inverts the selection test.

- For all directives, regardless of the region name, an attribute named "`cond`" may be provided. Its value is an expression that must evaluate to `True` for the region to be processed. If a rule also applies to the directive, both the rule and the expression must grant access.

Directive names, which are described below, are reserved and have special meaning to dacs_transform. Unrecognized attributes are ignored but can be referenced as arguments by rules. A given attribute cannot appear more than once within a directive. All attribute names are case-insensitive.

#### Negation

A region name prefixed by the negation operator ("`!`") indicates that the region should be enabled if the rule returns `False` and should be disabled if it returns `True`. Note that the negation character is not part of the region name. This syntax eliminates the need to write separate "if-true" and "if-false" versions of the same rule, although it is an inefficient substitute for an if/else construct.

For example, if a document only has public and secret regions, instead of defining one rule for public regions and another for secret regions, an author might simply define a single rule to identify secret regions and use negation:

    <!--DACS begin="!secret" -->
    This is public stuff, not secret stuff.
    <!--DACS end="!secret" -->

#### Recursion

By default, content that is included during processing of an `insert`, `insertv`, or `expand` directive is recursively processed for directives. Recursion may be disabled on a case-by-case basis by specifying the `recurse` attribute with a value of "`no`" (case insensitively). It may also be explicitly enabled by specifying the attribute value "`yes`" (case insensitively).

A maximum stack depth is imposed, primarily to guard against infinite recursion. This limit is currently set to `100` at compile time.

Variables set by outer levels can be referenced by inner levels. If variables at different levels have the same name, however, only the innermost value is accessible.

#### Directives

Directive Index:

1. `begin`: start a region

2. `debug`: emit variables for debugging

3. `end`: end a region

4. `expand`: insert content and interpolate variables

5. `filter`: transform content

6. `filterv`: transform content, verbatim

7. `id`: insert an identification string

8. `insert`: insert content

9. `insertv`: insert content, verbatim

10. `set`: set or reset variables

begin

  The `begin` directive starts a region with the specified name:

      <!--DACS begin="secret" -->

  If the region above named `secret` is enabled, its content is included in the program's output. Directives that appear in the region, including other `begin` directives, are processed. Variable references are not expanded; use the expand directive to interpolate variable references. Every `begin` directive must have a matching end directive.

  The region name (the value of the `begin` attribute) is accessible in rules using `${Args::region}`.

debug

  The `debug` directive can be helpful for understanding or debugging processing. It emits variables that exist at the point where an enabled `debug` directive is processed. This directive has no matching `end` directive; it is essentially a region with no content.

  By default, all variables in the `Attrs`, `Conf`, and `DACS` namespaces are emitted. The attribute name `show` can be set to `Attrs`, `Conf`, or `DACS` to restrict output to the particular namespace. The value `all` is equivalent to the default. Alternatively, the attribute name `Attrs` can be set to "`yes`" (or "`no`") to select (or deselect) the `Attrs` namespace. The same applies for the `Conf` and `DACS` attributes. These attribute names are case sensitive but their values are not.

  The emitted output is preceded by the directive prefix string in effect and followed by the directive suffix string in effect. It is assumed that no text is emitted in the debugging output that might accidentally be recognized as the suffix string.

end

  The end of a region started by a begin, filter, filterv or expand directive is indicated using the `end` directive:

      <!--DACS begin="secret" -->
      This is some secret text.
      <!--DACS end="secret" -->

  When properly balanced, regions can be nested.

expand

  This directive expands variable references in inserted content. Also, text containing variable references may appear in the original content, delimited by an `end` directive.

  An `expr`, `uri`, or `filename` attribute may be used to specify the source of the input as with the insert directive. Variable references in the text from these sources are expanded. If one of these attributes is not specified, the directive must be terminated by an `end` directive.

  Directives in the expanded text are recursively processed, modulo the `recurse` attribute (see Recursion).

      % cat inputfile
      <!--DACS expand="*" -->
      Nice dog, ${DACS::dog1}.
      <!--DACS end="*" -->
      Meow!
      <!--DACS expand="*" cond="${DACS::dog3} eq:i 'bandito'" -->
      Good boy, ${DACS::dog2}.
      <!--DACS end="*" -->
      % dacstransform -Ddog1=Auggie -Ddog2=Harley -Ddog3=Bandito < inputfile
      Nice dog, Auggie.
      Meow!
      Good boy, Harley.

filter

  ### Note

  This feature is only partially implemented. In the current implementation, a `filter` directive must use the `expr` operation and may not include another `filter` region.

  Original document content within a delimited region, if any, is replaced by new material using the `filter` directive. This directive must have a corresponding `end` directive. A newline is appended to the result; if this behaviour is undesirable, use filterv.

  Either the `expr` or `uri` operations must be specified.

  If an `expr` attribute is present, the original document content, including its final newline character, is passed to the given expression as the value of the variable `${DACS::stdin}`. The value of the expression (a string) replaces the region's original content. An evaluation error causes the program to terminate.

  If the `uri` attribute is present, it specifies a web service to which the region should be passed as input and the output of which should replace the original document content. By default, the URI is invoked using the `POST` method but if a `method` attribute is present it specifies the HTTP method to use. The `http` and `https` schemes are supported. The input is passed as an argument named `CONTENT`.

  If no operation attribute is provided, the original content is evaluated as an expression and its value becomes the new content of the region.

  To interpolate the current date you might use:

      <!--DACS filter="public" expr="strftime('%v')" -->
      <!--DACS end="public" -->

  Or equivalently:

      <!--DACS filter="public" -->
      strftime("%v")
      <!--DACS end="public" -->

  ### Tip

  To simply substitute variable values into the original content, use the expand directive or the expand() function. For example:

      <!--DACS filter="*" expr="expand(${DACS::stdin})" section="Hello, world" -->
      <h1>${Attr::section}</h1>
      <!--DACS end="*" -->

  Or, alternatively:

      <!--DACS filter="*" section="Hello, world" -->
      expand("<h1>${Attr::section}</h1>")
      <!--DACS end="*" -->

  In either variation, the three lines in the document are replaced by a single line:

      <h1>Hello, world</h1>

  ### Tip

  A `filter` directive with an `expr` or `uri` attribute and an empty region can be written more simply using an `insert` directive.

filterv

  This directive is identical to filter except that no newline is appended.

id

  If the region is enabled, the directive is replaced by the current time and date, and a DACS version identification string. This directive has no matching `end` directive; it is essentially a region with no content.

  For example, the directive:

      <!--DACS id="*" -->

  will be replaced by a line similar to this:

      <--DACS Generated 6-Sep-2007@11:37:43 by dacstransform DACS 1.4.20
       Release date 13-Aug-07 09:39:03 (revid 2034) on example.com -->

  Note that the replacement line appears as a comment in the emitted document and will pass through dacs_transform unaltered.

insert

  Document text is read from a specified source using the `insert` directive. Exactly one `filename`, `uri`, or `expr` attribute must be provided. Variable references in the inserted content are not expanded - if that is required, use the expand directive. Directives in the inserted content are not processed if recursion has been disabled.

      <!--DACS Interpolate browser-specific JavaScript -->
      <!--DACS insert="mozilla" filename="/dacs/dacs_transform/js/js1.html" -->
      <!--DACS insert="ie" filename="/dacs/dacs_transform/js/js2.html" -->
      <!--DACS insert="netscape" filename="/dacs/dacs_transform/js/js3.html" -->

      <!--DACS insert="*" uri="http://example.com/data" -->
      <!--DACS insert="*" expr="strftime('%v')" -->
      <!--DACS insert="*" expr="exec('/bin/date')" -->
      <!--DACS insert="*" expr="${Attr::arg1} + ${Attr::arg2}" arg1="10" arg2="20" -->

  The region name (the value of the `insert` attribute) is accessible to rules as the value of `${Args::region}`. This directive has no matching `end` directive; it is essentially a region with no content. Like the `begin` and `end` directives, the `insert` directive names the region so that an appropriate rule can be applied.

  The `filename` attribute gives the pathname of a file to be inserted into the document at the current location. When invoked as dacs_transform, the pathname must be absolute (i.e., it must begin with a slash character).

  The `uri` attribute gives a URI that is invoked to obtain the document to be inserted. The `GET` method is used by default, but if a `method` attribute is present it specifies the HTTP method to use. The returned document is inserted at the current location. If the URI's scheme is `file`, it is equivalent to the `filename` attribute. The `http` and `https` schemes are also recognized.

  A third choice is the `expr` attribute. The expression is evaluated and its result is inserted into the document; an evaluation error causes the program to terminate.

  Because it is needed in many cases and harmless in many others, a newline character is emitted after the inserted text. If this behaviour is undesirable, use insertv.

  These directives demonstrates how to expand a variable reference found in a template file into the current document:

      <!--DACS insert="*" expr="expand(get('/tmp/h1_template'))" s="Section 1"-->
      <!--DACS insert="*" expr="expand(get('/tmp/h1_template'))" s="Section 2"-->

  If the file `/tmp/h1_template` looks like:

      <h1>${Attr::s}</h1>

  then these two lines would be inserted in the program's output:

      <h1>Section 1</h1>
      <h1>Section 2</h1>

  Equivalent but slightly simpler directives can be used for this example:

      <!--DACS expand="*" filename="/tmp/h1_template" s="Section 1"-->
      <!--DACS expand="*" filename="/tmp/h1_template" s="Section 2"-->

insertv

  This directive is identical to insert except that no newline is appended.

set

  This directive is used to set variables that will exist for the remainder of the current scope (the document being processed) and any documents that are recursively processed. Setting a variable creates it or overrides its existing value. Any occurrences of the variable in an outer scope are unaffected, as are variables that are created from attributes associated with a directive.

  This directive is useful to set a variable to a string that will be used more than once during document processing, or to establish configuration-related variables in a single location. This directive can prevent having to repeatedly pass the same string argument as an attribute in multiple directives.

  If `gfile` looks like:

      <!--DACS set="*" foo="1" bar="2" -->
      <!--DACS debug="*" show="attrs" -->
      <!--DACS set="*" foo="3" bar="4" -->
      <!--DACS debug="*" show="attrs" -->
      <!--DACS insert="*" filename="gfile2" -->
      <!--DACS debug="*" show="attrs" -->

  and `gfile2` looks like:

      <!--DACS debug="*" show="attrs" -->
      <!--DACS set="*" foo="5" bar="6" bazz="7" -->
      <!--DACS debug="*" show="attrs" -->

  then processing `gfile` will emit this output:

      <!--DACS Debug:
      Attrs:
      debug="*"
      show="attrs"
      set="*"
      foo="1"
      bar="2"
      -->

      <!--DACS Debug:
      Attrs:
      debug="*"
      show="attrs"
      set="*"
      foo="3"
      bar="4"
      -->

      <!--DACS Debug:
      Attrs:
      debug="*"
      show="attrs"
      insert="*"
      filename="gfile2"
      set="*"
      foo="3"
      bar="4"
      -->

      <!--DACS Debug:
      Attrs:
      debug="*"
      show="attrs"
      set="*"
      foo="5"
      bar="6"
      bazz="7"
      insert="*"
      filename="gfile2"
      -->

      <!--DACS Debug:
      Attrs:
      debug="*"
      show="attrs"
      set="*"
      foo="3"
      bar="4"
      -->

#### Configuration

Configuration variables can be set to change some of the program's defaults:

- `transform_docs`: This is the full pathname of the root directory in which original documents are kept. By default, the program will use a subdirectory ``${Conf::DACS_HOME}`dacs_transform/docs`. (default: `/usr/local/dacs/dacs_transform/docs`)

  ### Security

  Change the default with care. In the absence of an appropriate access control rule, setting the pathname to "`/`" or the empty string, would provide access to any file on the server that can be read by this web service.

- `transform_acls`: This is the VFS specification for the rules. By default, the program will use ``${Conf::DACS_HOME}`dacs_transform/acls`. (default: `[transform-acls]dacs-fs:/usr/local/dacs/dacs_transform/acls`)

- `transform_annotation`: This is the annotation to interpolate in redacted text instead of the default.

- `transform_prefix`: Instead of the default prefix used to introduce a directive, the value of this variable is used. It must appear at the beginning of a line.

- `transform_suffix`: Instead of the default prefix used to end a directive, the value of this variable is used.

- `transform_rprefix`: A line whose beginning matches the specified regular expression introduces a directive.

- `transform_rsuffix`: The end of a directive is found by matching the specified regular expression.

IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") "extended" regular expressions are supported (regex(3)).

### Web Service Arguments

In addition to the standard CGI arguments, dacs_transform understands the following CGI arguments:

`DOC`

  This value of this argument specifies the document to be transformed as a file on the server running dacs_transform. It is an absolute path that is remapped within a segregated area of the web server.

`DOCURI`

  This argument specifies the document to be transformed as a URI. The URI must use the `http` or `https` scheme. The HTTP `GET` method is used to fetch the document and the URI may include query arguments. The URI must be properly URL-encoded.

`ANNOTATE`

  If this argument is present and its value is "`yes`", each deleted region of text is denoted in the retrieved document; contiguous deleted regions are denoted only once. The default annotation assumes a document `Content-Type` of `text/html`.

`CONTENT_TYPE`

  If this argument is present, this will be the MIME `Content-Type` of the returned document. If this argument is omitted, the program will try to guess the type based on the suffix of the name of the original document, or default to `text/html`.

## DIAGNOSTICS

The program exits `0` if everything was fine, `1` if an error occurred.

## SEE ALSO

dacstransform(1), dacs.exprs(5), dacs.acls(5)

## BUGS

There is a lot of room for improvement and new features. Directive syntax slants towards the arcane; that may get worse before it gets better.

## AUTHOR

Distributed Systems Software (www.dss.ca)

## COPYING

Copyright © 2003-2012 Distributed Systems Software. See the `LICENSE` file that accompanies the distribution for licensing information.

DACS Version 1.4.27b | 19-Mar-2012 | DACS_TRANSFORM(8)

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$Id: dacs_transform.8.xml 2566 2012-03-02 16:56:19Z brachman $