<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<chapter id="HDRWQ60">
  <title>Using Groups</title>

  <para>This chapter explains how to create groups and discusses different ways to use them.</para>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ61">
    <title>About Groups</title>

    <para>An AFS <emphasis>group</emphasis> is a list of specific users that you can place on access control lists (ACLs). Groups
    make it much easier to maintain ACLs. Instead of creating an ACL entry for every user individually, you create one entry for a
    group to which the users belong. Similarly, you can grant a user access to many directories at once by adding the user to a
    group that appears on the relevant ACLs.</para>

    <para>AFS client machines can also belong to a group. Anyone logged into the machine inherits the permissions granted to the
    group on an ACL, even if they are not authenticated with AFS. In general, groups of machines are useful only to system
    administrators, for specialized purposes like complying with licensing agreements your cell has with software vendors. Talk with
    your system administrator before putting a client machine in a group or using a machine group on an ACL. <indexterm>
        <primary>machines</primary>

        <secondary>as members of groups</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>groups</primary>

        <secondary>machines as members</secondary>
      </indexterm></para>

    <para>To learn about AFS file protection and how to add groups to ACLs, see <link linkend="HDRWQ44">Protecting Your Directories
    and Files</link>.</para>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ62">
      <title>Suggestions for Using Groups Effectively</title>

      <para>There are three typical ways to use groups, each suited to a particular purpose: private use, shared use, and group use.
      The following are only suggestions. You are free to use groups in any way you choose.</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>Private use</emphasis>: you create a group and place it on the ACL of directories you own, without
          necessarily informing the group's members that they belong to it. Members notice only that they can or cannot access the
          directory in a certain way. You retain sole administrative control over the group, since you are the owner. <indexterm>
              <primary>private use of group</primary>
            </indexterm> <indexterm>
              <primary>groups</primary>

              <secondary>private use</secondary>
            </indexterm></para>

          <para>The existence of the group and the identity of its members is not necessarily secret. Other users can see the
          group's name on an ACL when they use the <emphasis role="bold">fs listacl</emphasis> command, and can use the <emphasis
          role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to display + the groups to which they themselves belong. You can, however,
          limit who can display the members of the group, as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ74">Protecting Group-Related
          Information</link>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>Shared use</emphasis>: you inform the group's members that they belong to the group, but you are the
          group's sole owner and administrator. For example, the manager of a work group can create a group of all the members in
          the work group, and encourage them to use it on the ACLs of directories that house information they want to share with
          other members of the group. <indexterm>
              <primary>shared use of group</primary>
            </indexterm> <indexterm>
              <primary>groups</primary>

              <secondary>shared use</secondary>
            </indexterm> <note>
              <para>If you place a group owned by someone else on your ACLs, the group's owner can change the group's membership
              without informing you. Someone new can gain or lose access in a way you did not intend and without your
              knowledge.</para>
            </note></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>Group use</emphasis>: you create a group and then use the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis>
          command to assign ownership to a group--either another group or the group itself (the latter type is a
          <emphasis>self-owned</emphasis> group). You inform the members of the owning group that they all can administer the owned
          group. For instructions for the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command, see <link linkend="HDRWQ73">To Change
          a Group's Owner</link>. <indexterm>
              <primary>group use of group</primary>
            </indexterm> <indexterm>
              <primary>self-owned group</primary>
            </indexterm> <indexterm>
              <primary>groups</primary>

              <secondary>group use</secondary>
            </indexterm> <indexterm>
              <primary>groups</primary>

              <secondary>group-owned groups</secondary>
            </indexterm> <indexterm>
              <primary>groups</primary>

              <secondary>self-owned groups</secondary>
            </indexterm></para>

          <para>The main advantage of designating a group as an owner is that several people share responsibility for administering
          the group. A single person does not have to perform all administrative tasks, and if the group's original owner leaves the
          cell, there are still other people who can administer it.</para>

          <para>However, everyone in the owner group can make changes that affect others negatively: adding or removing people from
          the group inappropriately or changing the group's ownership to themselves exclusively. These problems can be particularly
          sensitive in a self-owned group. Using an owner group works best if all the members know and trust each other; it is
          probably wise to keep the number of people in an owner group small.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ63">
      <title>Group Names</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>groups</primary>

        <secondary>naming conventions</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The groups you create must have names with two parts, in the following format:</para>

      <para><replaceable>owner_name</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">:</emphasis><replaceable>group_name</replaceable></para>

      <para>The <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix indicates which user or group owns the group (naming rules appear in
      <link linkend="HDRWQ69">To Create a Group</link>). The <replaceable>group_name</replaceable> part indicates the group's
      purpose or its members' common interest. Group names must always be typed in full, so a short
      <replaceable>group_name</replaceable> is most practical. However, names like <emphasis role="bold">terry:1</emphasis> and
      <emphasis role="bold">terry:2</emphasis> that do not indicate the group's purpose are less useful than names like <emphasis
      role="bold">terry:project</emphasis>.</para>

      <para>Groups that do not have the <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix possibly appear on some ACLs; they are created
      by system administrators only. All of the groups you create must have an <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_116">
      <title>Group-creation Quota</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group-creation quota</primary>

        <secondary>defined</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>groups</primary>

        <secondary>creation quota</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>By default, you can create 20 groups, but your system administrators can change your <emphasis>group-creation
      quota</emphasis> if appropriate. When you create a group, your group quota decrements by one. When a group that you created is
      deleted, your quota increments by one, even if you are no longer the owner. You cannot increase your quota by transferring
      ownership of a group to someone else, because you are always recorded as the creator.</para>

      <para>If you exhaust your group-creation quota and need to create more groups, ask your system administrator. For instructions
      for displaying your group-creation quota, see <link linkend="HDRWQ67">To Display A Group Entry</link>.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ64">
    <title>Displaying Group Information</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>group information</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>displaying information</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>users</primary>

      <secondary>displaying group information</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>You can use the following commands to display information about groups and the users who belong to them:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>To display the members of a group, or the groups to which a user belongs, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts
        membership</emphasis> command.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>To display the groups that a user or group owns, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis>
        command.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>To display general information about a user or group, including its name, AFS ID, creator, and owner, use the
        <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <note>
      <para>The <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis> system groups
      do not appear in a user's list of group memberships, and the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command does not
      display their members. For more information on the system groups, see <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Using the System Groups on
      ACLs</link>.</para>
    </note>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ65">
      <title>To Display Group Membership</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts membership</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>membership</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to display the members of a group, or the groups to
      which a user belongs.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>
</programlisting>

      <para>where <replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable> specifies the name or AFS UID of each user for which to
      display group membership, or the name or AFS GID of each group for which to display the members. If identifying a group by its
      AFS GID, precede the GID with a hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) to indicate that it is a negative number.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_119">
      <title>Example: Displaying the Members of a Group</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>displaying members of a group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example displays the members of the group <emphasis role="bold">terry:team</emphasis>.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership terry:team</emphasis>
   Members of terry:team (id: -286) are:
     terry
     smith 
     pat
     johnson
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_120">
      <title>Example: Displaying the Groups to Which a User Belongs</title>

      <para>The following example displays the groups to which users <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis> and <emphasis
      role="bold">pat</emphasis> belong.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership terry pat</emphasis>
   Groups terry (id: 1022) is a member of:
     smith:friends
     pat:accounting
     terry:team
   Groups pat (id: 1845) is a member of:
     pat:accounting
     sam:managers
     terry:team
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ66">
      <title>To Display the Groups a User or Group Owns</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>groups owned by a group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts listowned</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>users</primary>

        <secondary>listing groups owned</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>groups</primary>

        <secondary>listing groups owned</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>listowned</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> command to display the groups that a user or group owns.</para>

      <programlisting>
   %  <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>
</programlisting>

      <para>where <replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable> specifies the name or AFS UID of each user, or the name or AFS
      GID of each group, for which to display group ownership. If identifying a group by its AFS GID, precede the GID with a hyphen
      (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) to indicate that it is a negative number.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_122">
      <title>Example: Displaying the Groups a Group Owns</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>displaying groups a group owns</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example displays the groups that the group <emphasis role="bold">terry:team</emphasis> owns.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned -286</emphasis>
   Groups owned by terry:team (id: -286) are:
     terry:project
     terry:planners
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_123">
      <title>Example: Displaying the Groups a User Owns</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>displaying groups a user owns</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example displays the groups that user <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> owns.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned pat</emphasis>
   Groups owned by pat (id: 1845) are:
      pat:accounting
      pat:plans
   
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ67">
      <title>To Display A Group Entry</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts examine</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>examine</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>group owner</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>group creator</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>group-creation quota</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>groups</primary>

        <secondary>owner, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>groups</primary>

        <secondary>creator, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>users</primary>

        <secondary>displaying number of group memberships</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group-creation quota</primary>

        <secondary>displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command to display general information about a user or group,
      including its name, AFS ID, creator, and owner.</para>

      <programlisting>
   %  <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>
</programlisting>

      <para>where <replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable> specifies the name or AFS UID of each user, or the name or AFS
      GID of each group, for which to display group-related information. If identifying a group by its AFS GID, precede the GID with
      a hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) to indicate that it is a negative number.</para>

      <para>The output includes information in the following fields:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>Name</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>For users, this is the character string typed when logging in. For machines, the name is the IP address; a zero in
            address field acts as a wildcard, matching any value. For most groups, this is a name of the form
            <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">:</emphasis><replaceable>group_name</replaceable>. Some
            groups created by your system administrator do not have the <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix. See <link
            linkend="HDRWQ63">Group Names</link>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>id</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>This is a unique identification number that the AFS server processes use internally. It is similar in function to
            a UNIX UID, but operates in AFS rather than the UNIX file system. Users and machines have positive integer AFS user IDs
            (UIDs), and groups have negative integer AFS group IDs (GIDs). <indexterm>
                <primary>AFS</primary>

                <secondary>UIDs and GIDs</secondary>
              </indexterm> <indexterm>
                <primary>GID, AFS</primary>
              </indexterm> <indexterm>
                <primary>UID, AFS</primary>
              </indexterm></para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>owner</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>This is the user or group that owns the entry and so can administer it.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>creator</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The name of the user who issued the <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">pts
            creategroup</emphasis> command to create the entry. This field is useful mainly as an audit trail and cannot be
            changed.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>membership</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>For users and machines, this indicates how many groups the user or machine belongs to. For groups, it indicates
            how many members belong to the group. This number cannot be set explicitly.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>flags</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>This field indicates who is allowed to list certain information about the entry or change it in certain ways. See
            <link linkend="HDRWQ74">Protecting Group-Related Information</link>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>group quota</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>This field indicates how many more groups a user is allowed to create. It is set to 20 when a user entry is
            created. The creation quota for machines or groups is meaningless because it not possible to authenticate as a machine
            or group.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_125">
      <title>Example: Listing Information about a Group</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>displaying information about group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example displays information about the group <emphasis role="bold">pat:accounting</emphasis>, which
      includes members of the department that <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> manages. Notice that the group is self-owned,
      which means that all of its members can administer it.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine pat:accounting</emphasis>
   Name: pat:accounting, id: -673, owner: pat:accounting, creator: pat,
     membership: 15, flags: S-M--, group quota: 0
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_126">
      <title>Example: Listing Group Information about a User</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>displaying group information about a user</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example displays group-related information about user <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis>. The two most
      interesting fields are <computeroutput>membership</computeroutput>, which shows that <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis>
      belongs to 12 groups, and <computeroutput>group quota</computeroutput>, which shows that <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis>
      can create another 17 groups.</para>

      <programlisting>
  % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine pat</emphasis>
   Name: pat, id: 1045, owner: system:administrators, creator: admin, 
     membership: 12, flags: S-M--, group quota: 17
</programlisting>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ68">
    <title>Creating Groups and Adding Members</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>adding</primary>

      <secondary>users to groups</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>creating</primary>

      <secondary>groups</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>creating</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>adding members</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>owner as administrator</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis> command to create a group and the <emphasis role="bold">pts
    adduser</emphasis> command to add members to it. Users and machines can belong to groups, but other groups cannot.</para>

    <para>When you create a group, you normally become its owner automatically. This means you alone can administer it: add and
    remove members, change the group's name, transfer ownership of the group, or delete the group entirely. If you wish, you can
    designate another owner when you create the group, by including the <emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis> argument to the
    <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis> command. If you assign ownership to another group, the owning group must
    already exist and have at least one member. You can also change a group's ownership after creating it by using the <emphasis
    role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ72">Changing a Group's Owner or Name</link>.</para>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ69">
      <title>To Create a Group</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts creategroup</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>creategroup</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis> command to create a group. Your group-creation quota
      decrements by one for each group.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup -name</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;+ [<emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>owner of the group</replaceable>&gt;]
</programlisting>

      <para>where</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">cg</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Is an alias for <emphasis role="bold">creategroup</emphasis> (and <emphasis role="bold">createg</emphasis> is the
            shortest acceptable abbreviation).</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-name</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Names each group to create. The name must have the following format:</para>

            <para><replaceable>owner_name</replaceable><emphasis
            role="bold">:</emphasis><replaceable>group_name</replaceable></para>

            <para>The <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix must accurately indicate the group's owner. By default, you are
            recorded as the owner, and the <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> must be your AFS username. You can include the
            <emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis> argument to designate another AFS user or group as the owner, as long as you
            provide the required value in the <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> field: <indexterm>
                <primary>groups</primary>

                <secondary>rules for assigning ownership</secondary>
              </indexterm> <indexterm>
                <primary>rules for assigning group names</primary>
              </indexterm></para>

            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>If the owner is a user, it must be the AFS username.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>If the owner is another regular group, it must match the owning group's <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable>
                field. For example, if the owner is the group <emphasis role="bold">terry:associates</emphasis>, the owner field
                must be <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>If the owner is a group without an <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix, it must be the owning group's
                name.</para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>

            <para>The name can include up to 63 characters including the colon. Use numbers and lowercase letters, but no spaces or
            punctuation characters other than the colon.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Is optional and assigns ownership to a user other than yourself, or to a group. If you specify a group, it must
            already exist and have at least one member. (This means that to make a group self-owned, you must issue the <emphasis
            role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command after using this command to create the group, and the <emphasis role="bold">pts
            adduser</emphasis> command to add a member. See <link linkend="HDRWQ72">Changing a Group's Owner or Name</link>.)</para>

            <para>Do not name a machine as the owner. Because no one can authenticate as a machine, there is no way to administer a
            group owned by a machine.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_129">
      <title>Example: Creating a Group</title>

      <para><indexterm>
          <primary>examples</primary>

          <secondary>creating a group</secondary>
        </indexterm></para>

      <para>In the following example user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis> creates a group to include all the other users in
      his work team, and then examines the new group entry.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup terry:team</emphasis>
   group terry:team has id -286
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine terry:team</emphasis>
   Name: terry:team, id: -286, owner: terry, creator: terry, 
     membership: 0, flags: S----, group quota: 0.
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ70">
      <title>To Add Members to a Group</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>groups</primary>

        <secondary>adding members</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts adduser</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>adduser</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>users</primary>

        <secondary>adding as group members</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to add one or more users to one or more groups. You can
      always add members to a group you own (either directly or because you belong to the owning group). If you belong to a group,
      you can add members if its fourth privacy flag is the lowercase letter <emphasis role="bold">a</emphasis>; see <link
      linkend="HDRWQ74">Protecting Group-Related Information</link>.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser -user</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user name</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript> <emphasis
          role="bold">-group</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>
</programlisting>

      <para>You must add yourself to groups that you own, if that is appropriate. You do not belong automatically just because you
      own the group.</para>

      <note>
        <para>If you already have a token when you are added to a group, you must issue the <emphasis role="bold">klog</emphasis>
        command to reauthenticate before you can exercise the permissions granted to the group on ACLs.</para>
      </note>

      <para>where</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-user</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies the username of each user to add to the groups named by the <emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis>
            argument. Groups cannot belong to other groups.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Names each group to which to add users.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_131">
      <title>Example: Adding Members to a Group</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>adding members to a group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>In this example, user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis> adds himself, <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis>,
      <emphasis role="bold">indira</emphasis>, and <emphasis role="bold">smith</emphasis> to the group he just created, <emphasis
      role="bold">terry:team</emphasis>, and then verifies the new list of members.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser -user terry pat indira smith -group terry:team</emphasis>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts members terry:team</emphasis>
   Members of terry:team (id: -286) are:
     terry
     pat
     indira
     smith
</programlisting>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ71">
    <title>Removing Users from a Group and Deleting a Group</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>removing members</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>deleting</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>removing</primary>

      <secondary>users from groups</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>deleting groups</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>removing</primary>

      <secondary>users from groups</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>users</primary>

      <secondary>removing from groups</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>removing</primary>

      <secondary>obsolete ACL entries</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>ACL</primary>

      <secondary>removing obsolete entries</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>You can use the following commands to remove groups and their members:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>To remove a user from a group, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser</emphasis> command</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>To delete a group entirely, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis> command</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>To remove deleted groups from ACLs, use the <emphasis role="bold">fs cleanacl</emphasis> command</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>When a group that you created is deleted, your group-creation quota increments by one, even if you no longer own the
    group.</para>

    <para>When a group or user is deleted, its AFS ID appears on ACLs in place of its AFS name. You can use the <emphasis
    role="bold">fs cleanacl</emphasis> command to remove these obsolete entries from ACLs on which you have the <emphasis
    role="bold">a</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">administer</emphasis>) permission.</para>

    <sect2 id="Header_133">
      <title>To Remove Members from a Group</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts removeuser</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>removeuser</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser</emphasis> command to remove one or more members from one or more groups.
      You can always remove members from a group that you own (either directly or because you belong to the owning group). If you
      belong to a group, you can remove members if its fifth privacy flag is the lowercase letter <emphasis
      role="bold">r</emphasis>; see <link linkend="HDRWQ74">Protecting Group-Related Information</link>. (To display a group's
      owner, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ67">To Display A Group
      Entry</link>.)</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser -user</emphasis>  &lt;<replaceable>user name</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>  <emphasis
          role="bold">-group</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>
</programlisting>

      <para>where</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-user</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies the username of each user to remove from the groups named by the <emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis>
            argument.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Names each group from which to remove users.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_134">
      <title>Example: Removing Group Members</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>removing group members</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example removes user <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> from both the <emphasis
      role="bold">terry:team</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis> groups.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser  pat -group terry:team terry:friends</emphasis>
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_135">
      <title>To Delete a Group</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts delete</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>delete</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis> command to delete a group. You can always delete a group that you
      own (either directly or because you belong to the owning group). To display a group's owner, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts
      examine</emphasis> command as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ67">To Display A Group Entry</link>.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>
</programlisting>

      <para>where <replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable> specifies the name or AFS UID of each user, or the name or AFS
      GID of each group, to delete. If identifying a group by its AFS GID, precede the GID with a hyphen (<emphasis
      role="bold">-</emphasis>) to indicate that it is a negative number.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_136">
      <title>Example: Deleting a Group</title>

      <para><indexterm>
          <primary>examples</primary>

          <secondary>deleting a group</secondary>
        </indexterm></para>

      <para>In the following example, the group <emphasis role="bold">terry:team</emphasis> is deleted.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts delete terry:team</emphasis>
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_137">
      <title>To Remove Obsolete ACL Entries</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>fs cleanacl</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>fs commands</primary>

        <secondary>cleanacl</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs cleanacl</emphasis> command to remove obsolete entries from ACLs after the
      corresponding user or group has been deleted.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">fs cleanacl</emphasis> [&lt;<replaceable>dir/file path</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>]
</programlisting>

      <para>where <replaceable>dir/file path</replaceable> name each directory for which to clean the ACL. If you omit this
      argument, the current working directory's ACL is cleaned.</para>

      <para><indexterm>
          <primary>examples</primary>

          <secondary>removing deleted groups from ACLs</secondary>
        </indexterm></para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_138">
      <title>Example: Removing an Obsolete ACL Entry</title>

      <para>After the group <emphasis role="bold">terry:team</emphasis> is deleted, its AFS GID (-286) appears on ACLs instead of
      its name. In this example, user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis> cleans it from the ACL on the plans directory in his
      home directory.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">fs listacl plans</emphasis>
   Access list for plans is
   Normal rights:
     terry rlidwka
     -268 rlidwk
     sam rliw
   % <emphasis role="bold">fs cleanacl plans</emphasis>
   % <emphasis role="bold">fs listacl plans</emphasis>
   Access list for plans is
   Normal rights:
     terry rlidwka
     sam rliw
</programlisting>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ72">
    <title>Changing a Group's Owner or Name</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>changing name</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>changing</primary>

      <secondary>group owner</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>changing</primary>

      <secondary>group name</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>changing owner</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>To change a group's owner, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command. To change its name, use the
    <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command.</para>

    <para>You can change the owner or name of a group that you own (either directly or because you belong to the owning group). You
    can assign group ownership to another user, another group, or the group itself. If you are not already a member of the group and
    need to be, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command before transferring ownership, following the
    instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ70">To Add Members to a Group</link>.</para>

    <para>The <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command automatically changes a group's
    <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix to indicate the new owner. If the new owner is a group, only its
    <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix is used, not its entire name. However, the change in
    <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix command does not propagate to any groups owned by the group whose owner is
    changing. If you want their <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefixes to indicate the correct owner, you must use the
    <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command.</para>

    <para>Otherwise, you normally use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change only the
    <replaceable>group_name</replaceable> part of a group name (the part that follows the colon). You can change the
    <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix only to reflect the actual owner.</para>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ73">
      <title>To Change a Group's Owner</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts chown</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>chown</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command to change a group's name.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis>  &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt; &lt;<replaceable>new owner</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting>

      <para>where</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><replaceable>group name</replaceable></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies the current name of the group to which to assign a new owner.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><replaceable>new owner</replaceable></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Names the user or group that is to own the group.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_141">
      <title>Example: Changing a Group's Owner to Another User</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>changing group owner</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>In the following example, user <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> transfers ownership of the group <emphasis
      role="bold">pat:staff</emphasis> to user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis>. Its name changes automatically to <emphasis
      role="bold">terry:staff</emphasis>, as confirmed by the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts chown pat:staff terry</emphasis>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine terry:staff</emphasis> 
   Name: terry:staff, id: -534, owner: terry, creator: pat, 
     membership: 15, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_142">
      <title>Example: Changing a Group's Owner to Itself</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>creating a self-owned group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>In the following example, user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis> makes the <emphasis
      role="bold">terry:team</emphasis> group a self-owned group. Its name does not change because its
      <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix is already <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis>.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts chown terry:team terry:team</emphasis>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine terry:team</emphasis>
   Name: terry:team, id: -286, owner: terry:team, creator: terry, 
     membership: 6, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_143">
      <title>Example: Changing a Group's Owner to a Group</title>

      <para>In this example, user <emphasis role="bold">sam</emphasis> transfers ownership of the group <emphasis
      role="bold">sam:project</emphasis> to the group <emphasis role="bold">smith:cpa</emphasis>. Its name changes automatically to
      <emphasis role="bold">smith:project</emphasis>, because <emphasis role="bold">smith</emphasis> is the
      <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix of the group that now owns it. The <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis>
      command displays the group's status before and after the change.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine sam:project</emphasis>
   Name: sam:project, id: -522, owner: sam, creator: sam, 
     membership: 33, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts chown sam:project smith:cpa</emphasis>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine smith:project</emphasis>
   Name: smith:project, id: -522, owner: smith:cpa, creator: sam, 
     membership: 33, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_144">
      <title>To Change a Group's Name</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts rename</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>rename</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change a group's name.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis>  &lt;<replaceable>old name</replaceable>&gt; &lt;<replaceable>new name</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting>

      <para>where</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><replaceable>old name</replaceable></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies the group's current name.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold"><replaceable>new name</replaceable></emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies the complete new name to assign to the group. The <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix must
            correctly indicate the group's owner.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_145">
      <title>Example: Changing a Group's <replaceable>group_name</replaceable> Suffix</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>changing group name</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example changes the name of the <emphasis role="bold">smith:project</emphasis> group to <emphasis
      role="bold">smith:fiscal-closing</emphasis>. The group's <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> prefix remains <emphasis
      role="bold">smith</emphasis> because its owner is not changing.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine smith:project</emphasis>
   Name: smith:project, id: -522, owner: smith:cpa, creator: sam, 
     membership: 33, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts rename smith:project smith:fiscal-closing</emphasis>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine smith:fiscal-closing</emphasis>
   Name: smith:fiscal-closing, id: -522, owner: smith:cpa, creator: sam, 
     membership: 33, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
</programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_146">
      <title>Example: Changing a Group's <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> Prefix</title>

      <para>In a previous example, user <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> transferred ownership of the group <emphasis
      role="bold">pat:staff</emphasis> to user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis>. Its name changed automatically to <emphasis
      role="bold">terry:staff</emphasis>. However, a group that <emphasis role="bold">terry:staff</emphasis> owns is still called
      <emphasis role="bold">pat:plans</emphasis>, because the change to a group's <replaceable>owner_name</replaceable> that results
      from the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command does not propagate to any groups it owns. In this example, a
      member of <emphasis role="bold">terry:staff</emphasis> uses the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change
      the name to <emphasis role="bold">terry:plans</emphasis> to reflect its actual ownership.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine pat:plans</emphasis> 
   Name: pat:plans, id: -535, owner: terry:staff, creator: pat, 
     membership: 8, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts rename pat:plans terry:plans</emphasis>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine terry:plans</emphasis> 
   Name: terry:plans, id: -535, owner: terry:staff, creator: pat, 
     membership: 8, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
</programlisting>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ74">
    <title>Protecting Group-Related Information</title>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>protection</primary>

      <secondary>group-related information</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>groups</primary>

      <secondary>privacy flags</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>privacy flags on groups</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>s privacy flag on groups</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>o privacy flag on groups</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>m privacy flag on groups</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>a privacy flag on groups</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>r privacy flag on groups</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>A group's <emphasis>privacy flags</emphasis> control who can administer it in various ways. The privacy flags appear in
    the <computeroutput>flags</computeroutput> field of the output from the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command
    command; see <link linkend="HDRWQ67">To Display A Group Entry</link>. To set the privacy flags for a group you own, use the
    <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> command as instructed in <link linkend="HDRWQ75">To Set a Group's Privacy
    Flags</link>.</para>

    <sect2 id="HDRPRIVACY-FLAGS">
      <title>Interpreting the Privacy Flags</title>

      <para>The five privacy flags always appear, and always must be set, in the following order:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">s</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command to display the entry.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">o</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> command to list the groups that a user
            or group owns.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">m</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to list the groups a user or
            machine belongs to, or which users or machines belong to a group.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">a</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to add a user or machine to a
            group.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser</emphasis> command to remove a user or machine
            from a group.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>Each flag can take three possible types of values to enable a different set of users to issue the corresponding
      command:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>A hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) means that the group's owner can issue the command, along with the
          administrators who belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The lowercase version of the letter means that members of the group can issue the command, along with the users
          indicated by the hyphen.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The uppercase version of the letter means that anyone can issue the command.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>For example, the flags <computeroutput>SOmar</computeroutput> on a group entry indicate that anyone can examine the
      group's entry and list the groups that it owns, and that only the group's members can list, add, or remove its members.</para>

      <para>The default privacy flags for groups are <computeroutput>S-M--</computeroutput>, meaning that anyone can display the
      entry and list the members of the group, but only the group's owner and members of the <emphasis
      role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can perform other functions.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ75">
      <title>To Set a Group's Privacy Flags</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts setfields</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>setfields</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> command to set the privacy flags on one or more groups.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields -nameorid</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;<superscript>+</superscript>
                   <emphasis role="bold">-access</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>set privacy flags</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting>

      <para>where</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-nameorid</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies the name or AFS GID of each group for which to set the privacy flags. If identifying a group by its AFS
            GID, precede the GID with a hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) to indicate that it is a negative number.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">-access</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies the privacy flags to set for each group. Observe the following rules:</para>

            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>Provide a value for all five flags in the order <emphasis role="bold">somar</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Set the first flag to lowercase <emphasis role="bold">s</emphasis> or uppercase <emphasis
                role="bold">S</emphasis> only.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Set the second flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) or uppercase <emphasis
                role="bold">O</emphasis> only. For groups, AFS interprets the hyphen as equivalent to lowercase <emphasis
                role="bold">o</emphasis> (that is, members of a group can always list the groups that it owns).</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Set the third flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>), lowercase <emphasis
                role="bold">m</emphasis>, or uppercase <emphasis role="bold">M</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Set the fourth flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>), lowercase <emphasis
                role="bold">a</emphasis>, or uppercase <emphasis role="bold">A</emphasis>. The uppercase <emphasis
                role="bold">A</emphasis> is not a secure choice, because it permits anyone to add members to the group.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Set the fifth flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) or lowercase <emphasis
                role="bold">r</emphasis> only.</para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_150">
      <title>Example: Setting a Group's Privacy Flags</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>examples</primary>

        <secondary>setting group's privacy flags</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>The following example sets the privacy flags on the <emphasis role="bold">terry:team</emphasis> group to set the
      indicated pattern of administrative privilege.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields terry:team -access SOm--</emphasis>
  
</programlisting>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Everyone can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command to display general information about it
          (uppercase <emphasis role="bold">S</emphasis>).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Everyone can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> command to display the groups it owns
          (uppercase <emphasis role="bold">O</emphasis>).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The members of the group can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to display the
          group's members (lowercase <emphasis role="bold">m</emphasis>).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Only the group's owner, user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis>, can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          adduser</emphasis> command to add members (the hyphen).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Only the group's owner, user <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis>, can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          removeuser</emphasis> command to remove members (the hyphen).</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>