# Introduction to GHC

This is a guide to using the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC): an interactive and batch compilation system for the Haskell 98 language.

GHC has two main components: an interactive Haskell interpreter (also known as GHCi), described in , and a batch compiler, described throughout . In fact, GHC consists of a single program which is just run with different options to provide either the interactive or the batch system.

The batch compiler can be used alongside GHCi: compiled modules can be loaded into an interactive session and used in the same way as interpreted code, and in fact when using GHCi most of the library code will be pre-compiled. This means you get the best of both worlds: fast pre-compiled library code, and fast compile turnaround for the parts of your program being actively developed.

GHC supports numerous language extensions, including concurrency, a foreign function interface, exceptions, type system extensions such as multi-parameter type classes, local universal and existential quantification, functional dependencies, scoped type variables and explicit unboxed types. These are all described in .

GHC has a comprehensive optimiser, so when you want to Really Go For It (and you've got time to spare) GHC can produce pretty fast code. Alternatively, the default option is to compile as fast as possible while not making too much effort to optimise the generated code (although GHC probably isn't what you'd describe as a fast compiler :-).

GHC's profiling system supports “cost centre stacks”: a way of seeing the profile of a Haskell program in a call-graph like structure. See for more details.

GHC comes with a number of libraries. These are described in separate documentation.

## Obtaining GHC

Go to the GHC home page and follow the "download" link to download GHC for your platform.

Alternatively, if you want to build GHC yourself, head on over to the GHC Building Guide to find out how to get the sources, and build it on your system. Note that GHC itself is written in Haskell, so you will still need to install GHC in order to build it.

## Meta-information: Web sites, mailing lists, etc.

On the World-Wide Web, there are several URLs of likely interest:

- GHC home page

- GHC Developers Home (developer documentation, wiki, and bug tracker)

We run the following mailing lists about GHC. We encourage you to join, as you feel is appropriate.

glasgow-haskell-users:

  This list is for GHC users to chat among themselves. If you have a specific question about GHC, please check the FAQ first.

  list email address:

    glasgow-haskell-users@haskell.org

  subscribe at:

    `http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/glasgow-haskell-users`.

  admin email address:

    glasgow-haskell-users-admin@haskell.org

  list archives:

    `http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/glasgow-haskell-users/`

glasgow-haskell-bugs:

  This list is for reporting and discussing GHC bugs. However, please see before posting here.

  list email address:

    glasgow-haskell-bugs@haskell.org

  subscribe at:

    `http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/glasgow-haskell-bugs`.

  admin email address:

    glasgow-haskell-bugs-admin@haskell.org

  list archives:

    `http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/glasgow-haskell-bugs/`

cvs-ghc:

  The hardcore GHC developers hang out here. This list also gets commit message from the GHC darcs repository. There are other lists for other darcs repositories (most notably `cvs-libraries`).

  list email address:

    cvs-ghc@haskell.org

  subscribe at:

    `http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/cvs-ghc`.

  admin email address:

    cvs-ghc-admin@haskell.org

  list archives:

    `http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/cvs-ghc/`

There are several other haskell and GHC-related mailing lists served by `www.haskell.org`. Go to `http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/` for the full list.

Some Haskell-related discussion also takes place in the Usenet newsgroup `comp.lang.functional`.

## Reporting bugs in GHC

Glasgow Haskell is a changing system so there are sure to be bugs in it. If you find one, please see this wiki page for information on how to report it.

## GHC version numbering policy

As of GHC version 6.8, we have adopted the following policy for numbering GHC versions:

Stable Releases

  Stable branches are numbered `x.y`, where y is even. Releases on the stable branch `x.y` are numbered `x.y.z`, where z (>= 1) is the patchlevel number. Patchlevels are bug-fix releases only, and never change the programmer interface to any system-supplied code. However, if you install a new patchlevel over an old one you will need to recompile any code that was compiled against the old libraries.

  The value of `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__` (see ) for a major release `x.y.z` is the integer xyy (if y is a single digit, then a leading zero is added, so for example in version 6.8.2 of GHC we would have `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__==608`).

Stable snapshots

  We may make snapshot releases of the current stable branch available for download, and the latest sources are available from the darcs repositories.

  Stable snapshot releases are named `x.y.z.YYYYMMDD`. where `YYYYMMDD` is the date of the sources from which the snapshot was built, and `x.y.z+1` is the next release to be made on that branch. For example, `6.8.1.20040225` would be a snapshot of the `6.8` branch during the development of `6.8.2`.

  The value of `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__` for a snapshot release is the integer xyy. You should never write any conditional code which tests for this value, however: since interfaces change on a day-to-day basis, and we don't have finer granularity in the values of `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__`, you should only conditionally compile using predicates which test whether `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__` is equal to, later than, or earlier than a given major release.

Unstable snapshots

  We may make snapshot releases of the HEAD available for download, and the latest sources are available from the darcs repositories.

  Unstable snapshot releases are named `x.y.YYYYMMDD`. where `YYYYMMDD` is the date of the sources from which the snapshot was built. For example, `6.7.20040225` would be a snapshot of the HEAD before the creation of the `6.8` branch.

  The value of `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__` for a snapshot release is the integer xyy. You should never write any conditional code which tests for this value, however: since interfaces change on a day-to-day basis, and we don't have finer granularity in the values of `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__`, you should only conditionally compile using predicates which test whether `__GLASGOW_HASKELL__` is equal to, later than, or earlier than a given major release.

The version number of your copy of GHC can be found by invoking `ghc` with the `––version` flag (see ).

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