..
      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
      not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
      a copy of the License at

          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
      WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
      License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
      under the License.


      Convention for heading levels in Neutron devref:
      =======  Heading 0 (reserved for the title in a document)
      -------  Heading 1
      ~~~~~~~  Heading 2
      +++++++  Heading 3
      '''''''  Heading 4
      (Avoid deeper levels because they do not render well.)


Testing Neutron
===============

Why Should You Care
-------------------
There's two ways to approach testing:

1) Write unit tests because they're required to get your patch merged.
   This typically involves mock heavy tests that assert that your code is as
   written.
2) Putting as much thought in to your testing strategy as you do to the rest
   of your code. Use different layers of testing as appropriate to provide
   high *quality* coverage. Are you touching an agent? Test it against an
   actual system! Are you adding a new API? Test it for race conditions
   against a real database! Are you adding a new cross-cutting feature?
   Test that it does what it's supposed to do when run on a real cloud!

Do you feel the need to verify your change manually? If so, the next few
sections attempt to guide you through Neutron's different test infrastructures
to help you make intelligent decisions and best exploit Neutron's test
offerings.

Definitions
-----------
We will talk about three classes of tests: unit, functional and integration.
Each respective category typically targets a larger scope of code. Other than
that broad categorization, here are a few more characteristic:

  * Unit tests - Should be able to run on your laptop, directly following a
    'git clone' of the project. The underlying system must not be mutated,
    mocks can be used to achieve this. A unit test typically targets a function
    or class.
  * Functional tests - Run against a pre-configured environment
    (tools/configure_for_func_testing.sh). Typically test a component
    such as an agent using no mocks.
  * Integration tests - Run against a running cloud, often target the API level,
    but also 'scenarios' or 'user stories'. You may find such tests under
    tests/api, tests/fullstack and in the Tempest and Rally projects.

Tests in the Neutron tree are typically organized by the testing infrastructure
used, and not by the scope of the test. For example, many tests under the
'unit' directory invoke an API call and assert that the expected output was
received. The scope of such a test is the entire Neutron server stack,
and clearly not a specific function such as in a typical unit test.

Testing Frameworks
------------------

The different frameworks are listed below. The intent is to list the
capabilities of each testing framework as to help the reader understand when
should each tool be used. Remember that when adding code that touches many
areas of Neutron, each area should be tested with the appropriate framework.
Overlap between different test layers is often desirable and encouraged.

Unit Tests
~~~~~~~~~~

Unit tests (neutron/tests/unit/) are meant to cover as much code as
possible. They are designed to test the various pieces of the Neutron tree to
make sure any new changes don't break existing functionality. Unit tests have
no requirements nor make changes to the system they are running on. They use
an in-memory sqlite database to test DB interaction.

At the start of each test run:

* RPC listeners are mocked away.
* The fake Oslo messaging driver is used.

At the end of each test run:

* Mocks are automatically reverted.
* The in-memory database is cleared of content, but its schema is maintained.
* The global Oslo configuration object is reset.

The unit testing framework can be used to effectively test database interaction,
for example, distributed routers allocate a MAC address for every host running
an OVS agent. One of DVR's DB mixins implements a method that lists all host
MAC addresses. Its test looks like this:

.. code-block:: python

    def test_get_dvr_mac_address_list(self):
        self._create_dvr_mac_entry('host_1', 'mac_1')
        self._create_dvr_mac_entry('host_2', 'mac_2')
        mac_list = self.mixin.get_dvr_mac_address_list(self.ctx)
        self.assertEqual(2, len(mac_list))

It inserts two new host MAC address, invokes the method under test and asserts
its output. The test has many things going for it:

* It targets the method under test correctly, not taking on a larger scope
  than is necessary.
* It does not use mocks to assert that methods were called, it simply
  invokes the method and asserts its output (In this case, that the list
  method returns two records).

This is allowed by the fact that the method was built to be testable -
The method has clear input and output with no side effects.

Functional Tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Functional tests (neutron/tests/functional/) are intended to
validate actual system interaction. Mocks should be used sparingly,
if at all. Care should be taken to ensure that existing system
resources are not modified and that resources created in tests are
properly cleaned up both on test success and failure. Note that when run
at the gate, the functional tests compile OVS from source. Check out
neutron/tests/contrib/gate_hook.sh. Other jobs presently use OVS from
packages.

Let's examine the benefits of the functional testing framework.
Neutron offers a library called 'ip_lib' that wraps around the 'ip' binary.
One of its methods is called 'device_exists' which accepts a device name
and a namespace and returns True if the device exists in the given namespace.
It's easy building a test that targets the method directly, and such a test
would be considered a 'unit' test. However, what framework should such a test
use? A test using the unit tests framework could not mutate state on the system,
and so could not actually create a device and assert that it now exists. Such
a test would look roughly like this:

* It would mock 'execute', a method that executes shell commands against the
  system to return an IP device named 'foo'.
* It would then assert that when 'device_exists' is called with 'foo', it
  returns True, but when called with a different device name it returns False.
* It would most likely assert that 'execute' was called using something like:
  'ip link show foo'.

The value of such a test is arguable. Remember that new tests are not free,
they need to be maintained. Code is often refactored, reimplemented and
optimized.

* There are other ways to find out if a device exists (Such as
  by looking at '/sys/class/net'), and in such a case the test would have
  to be updated.
* Methods are mocked using their name. When methods are renamed, moved or
  removed, their mocks must be updated. This slows down development for
  avoidable reasons.
* Most importantly, the test does not assert the behavior of the method. It
  merely asserts that the code is as written.

When adding a functional test for 'device_exists', several framework level
methods were added. These methods may now be used by other tests as well.
One such method creates a virtual device in a namespace,
and ensures that both the namespace and the device are cleaned up at the
end of the test run regardless of success or failure using the 'addCleanup'
method. The test generates details for a temporary device, asserts that
a device by that name does not exist, create that device, asserts that
it now exists, deletes it, and asserts that it no longer exists.
Such a test avoids all three issues mentioned above if it were written
using the unit testing framework.

Functional tests are also used to target larger scope, such as agents.
Many good examples exist: See the OVS, L3 and DHCP agents functional tests.
Such tests target a top level agent method and assert that the system
interaction that was supposed to be perform was indeed performed.
For example, to test the DHCP agent's top level method that accepts network
attributes and configures dnsmasq for that network, the test:

* Instantiates an instance of the DHCP agent class (But does not start its
  process).
* Calls its top level function with prepared data.
* Creates a temporary namespace and device, and calls 'dhclient' from that
  namespace.
* Assert that the device successfully obtained the expected IP address.

Fullstack Tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Why?
++++

The idea behind "fullstack" testing is to fill a gap between unit + functional
tests and Tempest. Tempest tests are expensive to run, and target black box API
tests exclusively. Tempest requires an OpenStack deployment to be run against,
which can be difficult to configure and setup. Full stack testing addresses
these issues by taking care of the deployment itself, according to the topology
that the test requires. Developers further benefit from full stack testing as
it can sufficiently simulate a real environment and provide a rapidly
reproducible way to verify code while you're still writing it.

How?
++++

Full stack tests set up their own Neutron processes (Server & agents). They
assume a working Rabbit and MySQL server before the run starts. Instructions
on how to run fullstack tests on a VM are available below.

Each test defines its own topology (What and how many servers and agents should
be running).

Since the test runs on the machine itself, full stack testing enables
"white box" testing. This means that you can, for example, create a router
through the API and then assert that a namespace was created for it.

Full stack tests run in the Neutron tree with Neutron resources alone. You
may use the Neutron API (The Neutron server is set to NOAUTH so that Keystone
is out of the picture). VMs may be simulated with a container-like class:
neutron.tests.fullstack.resources.machine.FakeFullstackMachine.
An example of its usage may be found at:
neutron/tests/fullstack/test_connectivity.py.

Full stack testing can simulate multi node testing by starting an agent
multiple times. Specifically, each node would have its own copy of the
OVS/LinuxBridge/DHCP/L3 agents, all configured with the same "host" value.
Each OVS agent is connected to its own pair of br-int/br-ex, and those bridges
are then interconnected.
For LinuxBridge agent each agent is started in its own namespace, called
"host-<some_random_value>". Such namespaces are connected with OVS "central"
bridge to eachother.

.. image:: images/fullstack_multinode_simulation.png

Segmentation at the database layer is guaranteed by creating a database
per test. The messaging layer achieves segmentation by utilizing a RabbitMQ
feature called 'vhosts'. In short, just like a MySQL server serve multiple
databases, so can a RabbitMQ server serve multiple messaging domains.
Exchanges and queues in one 'vhost' are segmented from those in another
'vhost'.

When?
+++++

1) You'd like to test the interaction between Neutron components (Server
   and agents) and have already tested each component in isolation via unit or
   functional tests. You should have many unit tests, fewer tests to test
   a component and even fewer to test their interaction. Edge cases should
   not be tested with full stack testing.
2) You'd like to increase coverage by testing features that require multi node
   testing such as l2pop, L3 HA and DVR.
3) You'd like to test agent restarts. We've found bugs in the OVS, DHCP and
   L3 agents and haven't found an effective way to test these scenarios. Full
   stack testing can help here as the full stack infrastructure can restart an
   agent during the test.

Example
+++++++

Neutron offers a Quality of Service API, initially offering bandwidth
capping at the port level. In the reference implementation, it does this by
utilizing an OVS feature.
neutron.tests.fullstack.test_qos.TestQoSWithOvsAgent.test_qos_policy_rule_lifecycle
is a positive example of how the fullstack testing infrastructure should be used.
It creates a network, subnet, QoS policy & rule and a port utilizing that policy.
It then asserts that the expected bandwidth limitation is present on the OVS
bridge connected to that port. The test is a true integration test, in the
sense that it invokes the API and then asserts that Neutron interacted with
the hypervisor appropriately.

API Tests
~~~~~~~~~

API tests (neutron/tests/api/) are intended to ensure the function
and stability of the Neutron API. As much as possible, changes to
this path should not be made at the same time as changes to the code
to limit the potential for introducing backwards-incompatible changes,
although the same patch that introduces a new API should include an API
test.

Since API tests target a deployed Neutron daemon that is not test-managed,
they should not depend on controlling the runtime configuration
of the target daemon. API tests should be black-box - no assumptions should
be made about implementation. Only the contract defined by Neutron's REST API
should be validated, and all interaction with the daemon should be via
a REST client.

neutron/tests/api was copied from the Tempest project. At the time, there was
an overlap of tests between the Tempest and Neutron repositories. This overlap
was then eliminated by carving out a subset of resources that belong to
Tempest, with the rest in Neutron.

API tests that belong to Tempest deal with a subset of Neutron's resources:

* Port
* Network
* Subnet
* Security Group
* Router
* Floating IP

These resources were chosen for their ubiquitously. They are found in most
Neutron depoloyments regardless of plugin, and are directly involved in the
networking and security of an instance. Together, they form the bare minimum
needed by Neutron.

This is excluding extensions to these resources (For example: Extra DHCP
options to subnets, or snat_gateway mode to routers) that are not mandatory
in the majority of cases.

Tests for other resources should be contributed to the Neutron repository.
Scenario tests should be similarly split up between Tempest and Neutron
according to the API they're targeting.

Development Process
-------------------

It is expected that any new changes that are proposed for merge
come with tests for that feature or code area. Any bugs
fixes that are submitted must also have tests to prove that they stay
fixed! In addition, before proposing for merge, all of the
current tests should be passing.

Structure of the Unit Test Tree
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The structure of the unit test tree should match the structure of the
code tree, e.g. ::

 - target module: neutron.agent.utils

 - test module: neutron.tests.unit.agent.test_utils

Unit test modules should have the same path under neutron/tests/unit/
as the module they target has under neutron/, and their name should be
the name of the target module prefixed by `test_`. This requirement
is intended to make it easier for developers to find the unit tests
for a given module.

Similarly, when a test module targets a package, that module's name
should be the name of the package prefixed by `test_` with the same
path as when a test targets a module, e.g. ::

 - target package: neutron.ipam

 - test module: neutron.tests.unit.test_ipam

The following command can be used to validate whether the unit test
tree is structured according to the above requirements: ::

    ./tools/check_unit_test_structure.sh

Where appropriate, exceptions can be added to the above script. If
code is not part of the Neutron namespace, for example, it's probably
reasonable to exclude their unit tests from the check.

Running Tests
-------------

There are three mechanisms for running tests: run_tests.sh, tox,
and nose2. Before submitting a patch for review you should always
ensure all test pass; a tox run is triggered by the jenkins gate
executed on gerrit for each patch pushed for review.

With these mechanisms you can either run the tests in the standard
environment or create a virtual environment to run them in.

By default after running all of the tests, any pep8 errors
found in the tree will be reported.


With `run_tests.sh`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can use the `run_tests.sh` script in the root source directory to execute
tests in a virtualenv::

    ./run_tests -V


With `nose2`
~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can use `nose2`_ to run individual tests, as well as use for debugging
portions of your code::

    source .venv/bin/activate
    pip install nose2
    nose2

There are disadvantages to running nose2 - the tests are run sequentially, so
race condition bugs will not be triggered, and the full test suite will
take significantly longer than tox & testr. The upside is that testr has
some rough edges when it comes to diagnosing errors and failures, and there is
no easy way to set a breakpoint in the Neutron code, and enter an
interactive debugging session while using testr.

Note that nose2's predecessor, `nose`_, does not understand
`load_tests protocol`_ introduced in Python 2.7. This limitation will result in
errors being reported for modules that depend on load_tests
(usually due to use of `testscenarios`_). nose, therefore, is not supported,
while nose2 is.

.. _nose2: http://nose2.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html
.. _nose: https://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html
.. _load_tests protocol: https://docs.python.org/2/library/unittest.html#load-tests-protocol
.. _testscenarios: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/testscenarios/

With `tox`
~~~~~~~~~~

Neutron, like other OpenStack projects, uses `tox`_ for managing the virtual
environments for running test cases. It uses `Testr`_ for managing the running
of the test cases.

Tox handles the creation of a series of `virtualenvs`_ that target specific
versions of Python.

Testr handles the parallel execution of series of test cases as well as
the tracking of long-running tests and other things.

For more information on the standard Tox-based test infrastructure used by
OpenStack and how to do some common test/debugging procedures with Testr,
see this wiki page:

  https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Testr

.. _Testr: https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Testr
.. _tox: http://tox.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
.. _virtualenvs: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv

PEP8 and Unit Tests
+++++++++++++++++++

Running pep8 and unit tests is as easy as executing this in the root
directory of the Neutron source code::

    tox

To run only pep8::

    tox -e pep8

Since pep8 includes running pylint on all files, it can take quite some time to run.
To restrict the pylint check to only the files altered by the latest patch changes::

    tox -e pep8 HEAD~1

To run only the unit tests::

    tox -e py27

Functional Tests
++++++++++++++++

To run functional tests that do not require sudo privileges or
specific-system dependencies::

    tox -e functional

To run all the functional tests, including those requiring sudo
privileges and system-specific dependencies, the procedure defined by
tools/configure_for_func_testing.sh should be followed.

IMPORTANT: configure_for_func_testing.sh relies on DevStack to perform
extensive modification to the underlying host. Execution of the
script requires sudo privileges and it is recommended that the
following commands be invoked only on a clean and disposeable VM.
A VM that has had DevStack previously installed on it is also fine. ::

    git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack ../devstack
    ./tools/configure_for_func_testing.sh ../devstack -i
    tox -e dsvm-functional

The '-i' option is optional and instructs the script to use DevStack
to install and configure all of Neutron's package dependencies. It is
not necessary to provide this option if DevStack has already been used
to deploy Neutron to the target host.

Fullstack Tests
+++++++++++++++

To run all the full-stack tests, you may use: ::

    tox -e dsvm-fullstack

Since full-stack tests often require the same resources and
dependencies as the functional tests, using the configuration script
tools/configure_for_func_testing.sh is advised (As described above).
When running full-stack tests on a clean VM for the first time, we
advise to run ./stack.sh successfully to make sure all Neutron's
dependencies are met. Full-stack based Neutron daemons produce logs to a
sub-folder in /tmp/dsvm-fullstack-logs (for example, a test named
"test_example" will produce logs to /tmp/dsvm-fullstack-logs/test_example/),
so that will be a good place to look if your test is failing.
Fullstack test suite assumes 240.0.0.0/4 (Class E) range in root namespace of
the test machine is available for its usage.

API Tests
+++++++++

To run the api tests, deploy Tempest and Neutron with DevStack and
then run the following command: ::

    tox -e api

If tempest.conf cannot be found at the default location used by
DevStack (/opt/stack/tempest/etc) it may be necessary to set
TEMPEST_CONFIG_DIR before invoking tox: ::

    export TEMPEST_CONFIG_DIR=[path to dir containing tempest.conf]
    tox -e api


Running Individual Tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For running individual test modules, cases or tests, you just need to pass
the dot-separated path you want as an argument to it.

For example, the following would run only a single test or test case::

      $ ./run_tests.sh neutron.tests.unit.test_manager
      $ ./run_tests.sh neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase
      $ ./run_tests.sh neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase.test_service_plugin_is_loaded

or::

      $ tox -e py27 neutron.tests.unit.test_manager
      $ tox -e py27 neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase
      $ tox -e py27 neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase.test_service_plugin_is_loaded

If you want to pass other arguments to ostestr, you can do the following::
      $ tox -e -epy27 -- --regex neutron.tests.unit.test_manager --serial


Coverage
--------

Neutron has a fast growing code base and there are plenty of areas that
need better coverage.

To get a grasp of the areas where tests are needed, you can check
current unit tests coverage by running::

    $ ./run_tests.sh -c

or by running::

    $ tox -ecover

Since the coverage command can only show unit test coverage, a coverage
document is maintained that shows test coverage per area of code in:
doc/source/devref/testing_coverage.rst. You could also rely on Zuul
logs, that are generated post-merge (not every project builds coverage
results). To access them, do the following:

  * Check out the latest `merge commit <https://review.openstack.org/gitweb?p=openstack/neutron.git;a=search;s=Jenkins;st=author>`_
  * Go to: http://logs.openstack.org/<first-2-digits-of-sha1>/<sha1>/post/neutron-coverage/.
  * `Spec <https://review.openstack.org/#/c/221494/>`_ is a work in progress to
    provide a better landing page.

Debugging
---------

By default, calls to pdb.set_trace() will be ignored when tests
are run. For pdb statements to work, invoke run_tests as follows::

    $ ./run_tests.sh -d [test module path]

It's possible to debug tests in a tox environment::

    $ tox -e venv -- python -m testtools.run [test module path]

Tox-created virtual environments (venv's) can also be activated
after a tox run and reused for debugging::

    $ tox -e venv
    $ . .tox/venv/bin/activate
    $ python -m testtools.run [test module path]

Tox packages and installs the Neutron source tree in a given venv
on every invocation, but if modifications need to be made between
invocation (e.g. adding more pdb statements), it is recommended
that the source tree be installed in the venv in editable mode::

    # run this only after activating the venv
    $ pip install --editable .

Editable mode ensures that changes made to the source tree are
automatically reflected in the venv, and that such changes are not
overwritten during the next tox run.

Post-mortem Debugging
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Setting OS_POST_MORTEM_DEBUGGER in the shell environment will ensure
that the debugger .post_mortem() method will be invoked on test failure::

    $ OS_POST_MORTEM_DEBUGGER=pdb ./run_tests.sh -d [test module path]

Supported debuggers are pdb, and pudb. Pudb is full-screen, console-based
visual debugger for Python which let you inspect variables, the stack,
and breakpoints in a very visual way, keeping a high degree of compatibility
with pdb::

    $ ./.venv/bin/pip install pudb

    $ OS_POST_MORTEM_DEBUGGER=pudb ./run_tests.sh -d [test module path]

References
~~~~~~~~~~

.. [#pudb] PUDB debugger:
   https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pudb
