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# Generating Binding Classes

The following sections reference example schema and programs that are available in the `examples/manual` subdirectory of the PyXB distribution.

## Self-contained schema

The following schema `po1.xsd` is a condensed version of the purchase order schema in the XMLSchema Primer:

    <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
      <xsd:element name="purchaseOrder" type="PurchaseOrderType"/>
      <xsd:element name="comment" type="xsd:string"/>
      <xsd:complexType name="PurchaseOrderType">
        <xsd:sequence>
          <xsd:element name="shipTo" type="USAddress"/>
          <xsd:element name="billTo" type="USAddress"/>
          <xsd:element ref="comment" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xsd:element name="items"  type="Items"/>
        </xsd:sequence>
        <xsd:attribute name="orderDate" type="xsd:date"/>
      </xsd:complexType>
      <xsd:complexType name="USAddress">
        <xsd:sequence>
          <xsd:element name="name"   type="xsd:string"/>
          <xsd:element name="street" type="xsd:string"/>
          <xsd:element name="city"   type="xsd:string"/>
          <xsd:element name="state"  type="xsd:string"/>
          <xsd:element name="zip"    type="xsd:decimal"/>
        </xsd:sequence>
        <xsd:attribute name="country" type="xsd:NMTOKEN" fixed="US"/>
      </xsd:complexType>
      <xsd:complexType name="Items">
        <xsd:sequence>
          <xsd:element name="item" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
            <xsd:complexType>
              <xsd:sequence>
                <xsd:element name="productName" type="xsd:string"/>
                <xsd:element name="quantity">
                  <xsd:simpleType>
                    <xsd:restriction base="xsd:positiveInteger">
                      <xsd:maxExclusive value="100"/>
                    </xsd:restriction>
                  </xsd:simpleType>
                </xsd:element>
                <xsd:element name="USPrice"  type="xsd:decimal"/>
                <xsd:element ref="comment"   minOccurs="0"/>
                <xsd:element name="shipDate" type="xsd:date" minOccurs="0"/>
              </xsd:sequence>
              <xsd:attribute name="partNum" type="SKU" use="required"/>
            </xsd:complexType>
          </xsd:element>
        </xsd:sequence>
      </xsd:complexType>
      <!-- Stock Keeping Unit, a code for identifying products -->
      <xsd:simpleType name="SKU">
        <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
          <xsd:pattern value="\d{3}-[A-Z]{2}"/>
        </xsd:restriction>
      </xsd:simpleType>

    </xsd:schema>

Translate this into Python with the following command:

    pyxbgen \
      -u po1.xsd  -m po1

The -u parameter identifies a schema document describing contents of a namespace. The parameter may be a path to a file on the local system, or a URL to a network-accessible location like http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/xml/DWMLgen/schema/DWML.xsd. The -m parameter specifies the name to be used by the Python module holding the bindings generated for the namespace in the preceding schema. After running this, the Python bindings will be in a file named `po1.py`.

With the bindings available, this program (`demo1.py`):

    from __future__ import print_function
    import po1

    xml = open('po1.xml').read()
    order = po1.CreateFromDocument(xml)

    print('%s is sending %s %d thing(s):' % (order.billTo.name, order.shipTo.name, len(order.items.item)))
    for item in order.items.item:
        print('  Quantity %d of %s at $%s' % (item.quantity, item.productName, item.USPrice))

processing this document:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <purchaseOrder orderDate="1999-10-20">
      <shipTo country="US">
        <name>Alice Smith</name>
        <street>123 Maple Street</street>
        <city>Anytown</city><state>AK</state><zip>12341</zip>
      </shipTo>
      <billTo country="US">
        <name>Robert Smith</name>
        <street>8 Oak Avenue</street>
        <city>Anytown</city><state>AK</state><zip>12341</zip>
      </billTo>
      <items>
        <item partNum="833-AA">
          <productName>Lapis necklace</productName>
          <quantity>1</quantity>
          <USPrice>99.95</USPrice>
          <comment>Want this for the holidays!</comment>
          <shipDate>1999-12-05</shipDate>
        </item>
        <item partNum="833-AB">
          <productName>Plastic necklace</productName>
          <quantity>4</quantity>
          <USPrice>3.95</USPrice>
          <shipDate>1999-12-24</shipDate>
        </item>
      </items>
    </purchaseOrder>

produces the following output:

    Robert Smith is sending Alice Smith 2 thing(s):
      Quantity 1 of Lapis necklace at $99.95
      Quantity 4 of Plastic necklace at $3.95

## Multi-document schema

Complex schema are more easy to manage when they are separated into multiple documents, each of which contains a cohesive set of types. In the example above, the `USAddress` type can be abstracted to handle a variety of addresses, and maintained as its own document `address.xsd`:

    <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
      <xsd:complexType name="Address">
        <xsd:sequence>
          <xsd:element name="name"   type="xsd:string"/>
          <xsd:element name="street" type="xsd:string"/>
          <xsd:element name="city"   type="xsd:string"/>
        </xsd:sequence>
      </xsd:complexType>

      <xsd:complexType name="USAddress">
        <xsd:complexContent>
          <xsd:extension base="Address">
            <xsd:sequence>
              <xsd:element name="state" type="USState"/>
              <xsd:element name="zip"   type="xsd:positiveInteger"/>
            </xsd:sequence>
            <xsd:attribute name="country" type="xsd:NMTOKEN" fixed="US"/>
          </xsd:extension>
        </xsd:complexContent>
      </xsd:complexType>

      <xsd:complexType name="UKAddress">
        <xsd:complexContent>
          <xsd:extension base="Address">
            <xsd:sequence>
              <xsd:element name="postcode" type="UKPostcode"/>
            </xsd:sequence>
            <attribute name="exportCode" type="xsd:positiveInteger" fixed="1"/>
          </xsd:extension>
        </xsd:complexContent>
      </xsd:complexType>

      <!-- other Address derivations for more countries -->

      <xsd:simpleType name="USState">
        <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
          <xsd:enumeration value="AK"/>
          <xsd:enumeration value="AL"/>
          <xsd:enumeration value="AR"/>
          <xsd:enumeration value="AZ"/>
          <!-- and so on ... -->
        </xsd:restriction>
      </xsd:simpleType>

      <!-- simple type definition for UKPostcode -->
      <!-- *** pyxb mod: provide missing STD *** -->
      <xsd:simpleType name="UKPostcode">
        <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
          <xsd:pattern value="[A-Z]{2}\d\s\d[A-Z]{2}"/>
        </xsd:restriction>
      </xsd:simpleType>

    </xsd:schema>

The XMLSchema include directive can be used to incorporate this document into `po2.xsd`:

    <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
      <xsd:include schemaLocation="file:address.xsd"/>
      <xsd:element name="purchaseOrder" type="PurchaseOrderType"/>
      <xsd:element name="comment" type="xsd:string"/>
      <xsd:complexType name="PurchaseOrderType">
        <xsd:sequence>
          <xsd:element name="shipTo" type="USAddress"/>
          <xsd:element name="billTo" type="USAddress"/>
          <xsd:element ref="comment" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xsd:element name="items"  type="Items"/>
        </xsd:sequence>
        <xsd:attribute name="orderDate" type="xsd:date"/>
      </xsd:complexType>
      <xsd:complexType name="Items">
        <xsd:sequence>
          <xsd:element name="item" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
            <xsd:complexType>
              <xsd:sequence>
                <xsd:element name="productName" type="xsd:string"/>
                <xsd:element name="quantity">
                  <xsd:simpleType>
                    <xsd:restriction base="xsd:positiveInteger">
                      <xsd:maxExclusive value="100"/>
                    </xsd:restriction>
                  </xsd:simpleType>
                </xsd:element>
                <xsd:element name="USPrice"  type="xsd:decimal"/>
                <xsd:element ref="comment"   minOccurs="0"/>
                <xsd:element name="shipDate" type="xsd:date" minOccurs="0"/>
              </xsd:sequence>
              <xsd:attribute name="partNum" type="SKU" use="required"/>
            </xsd:complexType>
          </xsd:element>
        </xsd:sequence>
      </xsd:complexType>
      <!-- Stock Keeping Unit, a code for identifying products -->
      <xsd:simpleType name="SKU">
        <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
          <xsd:pattern value="\d{3}-[A-Z]{2}"/>
        </xsd:restriction>
      </xsd:simpleType>

    </xsd:schema>

Translation of this document and execution of the test program is just as it was in the previous section:

    pyxbgen \
      -u po2.xsd -m po2

Note that you do not need to explicitly list the `address.xsd` file. PyXB detects the `include` directive and reads the second schema by resolving its `schemaLocation` relative to the base URI of the containing document. Because the contents of the two schema files belong to the same namespace, their combined bindings are placed into the `po2.py` module.

## Working with Namespaces

Documents of significant complexity are likely to require references to multiple namespaces. Notice that the schemas we’ve looked at so far have no namespace for both their target and default namespaces. The following schema `nsaddress.xsd` places the types that are in address.xsd into the namespace `URN:address` by defining a target namespace then including the namespace-less schema:

    <xsd:schema
       targetNamespace="URN:address"
       xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
      <xsd:include schemaLocation="address.xsd"/>
    </xsd:schema>

Note that this technique takes advantage of the chameleon schema pattern.

There are several ways you can prepare to process documents with multiple namespaces. If you have no expectation of using the imported namespace directly, you can process the importing schema just as before:

    pyxbgen \
      -u po3.xsd -m po3

PyXB will detect the `import` statement, read the corresponding schema, and create bindings for its types. However, since the `pyxbgen` invocation did not mention the `URN:address` namespace, the bindings are written into a private binding file. The generated module file `_address.py` is created with a prefixed underscore indicating that it is not expected to be referenced directly. The public module `po3.py` will locally import module `_address` so that the required classes are available, but will not expose them to code that imports only module `po3`. The demonstration program `demo3.py` shows that things work as expected without the new namespace being made explicit.

    from __future__ import print_function
    import po3

    order = po3.CreateFromDocument(open('po3.xml').read())

    print('%s is sending %s %d thing(s):' % (order.billTo.name, order.shipTo.name, len(order.items.item)))
    for item in order.items.item:
        print('  Quantity %d of %s at $%s' % (item.quantity, item.productName, item.USPrice))

More often, you will want to be able to import the module defining bindings from the additional namespaces. To do this, explicitly reference the additional schema and provide it with a module name:

    pyxbgen \
      -u po3.xsd -m po3 \
      -u nsaddress.xsd -m address

Here each namespace is represented in its own module (`address` for `URN:address` and `po3` for module with an absent namespace). In this case, the demonstration program is unchanged; see Creating Instances in Python Code for additional examples.

## Sharing Namespace Bindings

Most often, if you have a common utility namespace like `URN:address`, you will want to generate its bindings once, and reference them in other schema without regenerating them. To do this, PyXB must be provided with an archive containing the schema components that were defined in that namespace, so they can be referenced in independent generation activities.

To generate the archive, you add the –archive-to-file flag to the binding generation command:

    pyxbgen \
      -u nsaddress.xsd -m address \
      --archive-to-file address.wxs

In addition to generating the `address` Python module, this causes a archive of the schema contents to be saved in the corresponding file, which by convention ends with the extension `.wxs`. Any anonymous names that were generated with the bindings are also recorded in this archive, so that cross-namespace extension works correctly.

You can then generate bindings for importing namespaces by providing PyXB with the information necessary to locate this archive:

    pyxbgen \
      -u po3.xsd -m po3 \
      --archive-path .:+

The –archive-path directive indicates that the current directory (`.`) should be searched for files that end in `.wxs`, and any namespaces found in such files implicitly made available for reference when they are encountered in an `import` instruction. (The second path component `+` causes the standard search path to be used after searching the current directory.)

In this case, when the `import` instruction is encountered, PyXB detects that it has an archive `address.wxs` that defines the contents of the imported namespace. Instead of reading and processing the schema, it generates references to the existing binding modules. Again, the demonstration program is unchanged.

## Advanced Topics

### Schemas Defined in WSDL Documents

It is a common, if regrettable, practice that web services define the structure of their documents using XML schema elements encoded directly into a `types` element of a WSDL specification rather than having that elements import complete standalone schema. To accommodate this, pyxbgen supports the –wsdl-location argument as an alternative to –schema-location. For example, the following will generate a module `ndfd` containing bindings required to communicate with the National Digital Forecast Database:

    pyxbgen \
     --wsdl-location=http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/xml/DWMLgen/wsdl/ndfdXML.wsdl --module=ndfd \
     --archive-path=${PYXB_ROOT}/pyxb/bundles/wssplat//:+

Note that it will be necessary to have the WS-* bindings available, as provided by the –archive-path option above.

### Customizing Binding Classes

PyXB permits you to customize the bindings that it generates by creating a module that imports the generated classes and instances, then extends them with subclasses with additional behavior. As long as you do not make major changes to the structure and names used in your namespaces, you can fine-tune the schema without changing the custom code.

The –write-for-customization option causes PyXB to generate all the Python modules in a subdirectory `raw`. Then you write a module that imports the generated bindings and extends them.

Until this documentation is enhanced significantly, users interested in generating custom bindings are referred to the extensions for WSDL 1.1 that are provided in the WS-* support bundle as `pyxb.bundles.wssplat.wsdl11.py`. An excerpt of the sort of thing done there is:

    from pyxb.bundles.wssplat.raw.wsdl11 import *
    import pyxb.bundles.wssplat.raw.wsdl11 as raw_wsdl11

    class tParam (raw_wsdl11.tParam):
      def __getMessageReference (self):
          return self.__messageReference
      def _setMessageReference (self, message_reference):
          self.__messageReference = message_reference
      __messageReference = None
      messageReference = property(__getMessageReference)
    raw_wsdl11.tParam._SetSupersedingClass(tParam)

The first line brings in all the public identifiers from the generated binding. The second makes them available in a qualified form that ensures we use the generated value rather than the customized value.

The class definition shows how to extend the generated bindings for the `tParam` complex type so that it has a field that can hold the instance of `tMessage` that was identified by the `message` attribute in an `operation` element. Following the class is a directive that tells PyXB to create instances of the customized class when automatically generating `tParam` instances from XML documents.

To customize bindings, you will need to be familiar with the _DynamicCreate_mixin class.

Be aware that _SetSupersedingClass only affects the behavior of Factory, and does not change the Python inheritance tree. This means that the superseding class is only invoked when the content model requires an instance of the original type. When an instance of a subclass of a superseded class (that is not itself superseded) is needed by the content model, this infrastructure is bypassed, the normal Python inheritance mechanism takes control, and the instance will not be an instance of the superseding class. This will happen both when instances are created in Python directly and when they are created due to presence in the binding model.

This is probably not what you will want, and to avoid it you must customize all subclasses of a customized class. A detailed example customization is in the `examples/customization` subdirectory of the distribution. In particular, it shows how to introspect the binding model extracted from the generated Python module and programmatically create custom binding classes without manually reproducing the content hierarchy, making the customizing module more compact and stable.

### Generating Related Namespaces

The –module-prefix option permits you to add a fixed prefix to the generated modules. For example, when generating bindings for the OpenGIS schemas it is desirable to aggregate them into a Python module hierarchy so the imported name incorporates the namespace collection:

    pyxbgen \
      --schema-location=${SCHEMA_DIR}/gml/3.2.1/gml.xsd --module=gml_3_2 \
      --schema-location=${SCHEMA_DIR}/iso/19139/20070417/gmd/gmd.xsd --module=iso19139.gmd \
      --schema-location=${SCHEMA_DIR}/iso/19139/20070417/gts/gts.xsd --module=iso19139.gts \
      --schema-location=${SCHEMA_DIR}/iso/19139/20070417/gsr/gsr.xsd --module=iso19139.gsr \
      --schema-location=${SCHEMA_DIR}/iso/19139/20070417/gss/gss.xsd --module=iso19139.gss \
      --schema-location=${SCHEMA_DIR}/iso/19139/20070417/gco/gco.xsd --module=iso19139.gco \
      --module-prefix=opengis \
      --archive-to-file=opengis/iso19139.core.wxs

When generated this way, your Python code imports these modules with directives like:

    import opengis.gml_3_2 as gml
    import opengis.iso19139.gmd

PyXB comes with pre-defined bundles for related namespaces in the `pyxb.bundles` module hierarchy. The command above is an excerpt from an early version of the script that generates the OpenGIS bundles. See Layout of a Bundle Directory for more information and the location of the current version of the script.

### Fine-Grained Namespace Control

In certain cases, schema developers will presume that it is within their purview to re-declare or extend the contents of namespaces that belong to others. Supporting this while preserving or re-using the original namespace contents requires finesse.

For example, when generating the bindings for the OpenGIS Sensor Observation Service, you would find that this service extends the `http://www.opengis.net/ogc` namespace, normally defined in the OpenGIS Filter Encoding, with temporal operators that are defined in a local schema `ogc4sos.xsd`.

Because `http://www.opengis.net/ogc` is defined in a namespace archive, PyXB would normally assume that any `import` commands related to that namespace are redundant with the contents of that archive, and would ignore the import directive. In this case, that assumption is mistaken, and the `ogc4sos.xsd` schema must be read to define the additional elements and types. The required build command is:

    pyxbgen \
      --schema-location=${SCHEMA_DIR}/sos/1.0.0/sosAll.xsd --module sos_1_0 \
      --archive-path=${ARCHIVE_DIR} \
      --import-augmentable-namespace=http://www.opengis.net/ogc

The –import-augmentable-namespace directive causes PyXB to allow import directives within the schema to add material to the content already loaded from an archive. Consequently, when reference to the `ogc4sos.xsd` schema is encountered, PyXB detects that, although it already has definitions for components in that namespace, this particular schema has not yet been read. PyXB reads the additional components, and generates bindings for the additional material into a private module `_ogc` which is then imported into the `sos_1_0` module.

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