.. raw:: html

  <a href="https://dials.github.io/dials-2.2/documentation/tutorials/small_molecule_tutorial.html" class="new-documentation">
  This tutorial requires a DIALS 3 installation.<br/>
  Please click here to go to the tutorial for DIALS 2.2.
  </a>

Small-molecule data reduction tutorial
======================================

.. highlight:: none

Introduction
------------

While the conventional use of DIALS for small molecule data could be to run xia2, the interactive processing steps via the command line are relatively straightforward. The aim of this tutorial is to step through the process...

Data
----

The data for this tutorial are on Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/record/51405 — we will use ``l-cyst_0[1-4].tar.gz`` i.e. the first four files. For this tutorial it will be assumed you have the data linked to a directory ``../data`` — however this only matters for the import step.

Import
------

Usually DIALS processing is run on a sequence-by-sequence basis.
For small molecule data however where multiple sequences from one sample are routinely collected, with different experimental configurations, it is helpful to process all sequences at once, therefore starting with:

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.import ../data/*cbf

This will create a DIALS ``imported.expt`` file with details of the 4 sequences within it.

Spot finding
------------

This is identical to the routine usage i.e.

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.find_spots imported.expt

By default this will use all available cores, and may of course take a little while to work through four sequences. The spot finding is independent from sequence to sequence but the spots from all sequences may be viewed with

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.reciprocal_lattice_viewer imported.expt strong.refl

Which will show how the four sequences overlap in reciprocal space, as:

.. image:: /figures/l-cyst-rlv.png

Indexing
--------

Indexing here will depend on the model for the experiment being reasonably accurate.
Here the lattices overlap in the reciprocal lattice view above, the indexing should be straightforward and will guarantee that all lattices are consistently indexed as a single matrix is used.

.. note:: if the lattices *do not* align in reciprocal space for your data then processing sweeps independently is likely to be needed

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.index imported.expt strong.refl

Without any additional input, the indexing will determine the most appropriate primitive (i.e. triclinic) lattice parameters and orientation which describe the observed reciprocal lattice positions.

Bravais lattice determination
-----------------------------

Prior to refinement the choice of Bravais lattice may be made, though this is entirely optional and all processing may be performed with a triclinic lattice:

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.refine_bravais_settings indexed.refl indexed.expt

Once this has run you can manually rerun indexing with:

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.index imported.expt strong.refl space_group=P222

to assign the lattice, or manually reindex the data to match setting #5 (though in this case that is a no-op) - or as mentioned above proceed with the lattice unconstrained.

.. note:: if you are certain that the lattice symmetry is correct then the refinement *should* be more stable, and yield more reliable unit cell constants

.. note:: if you select an *incorrect* lattice then the subsequent processing may fail


Refinement
----------

Prior to integration we want to refine the experimental geometry and the scan varying crystal orientation and unit cell: the calculations are performed first with a scan static model, then with scan varying (which allows for small variations in the sample orientation etc.) to account for impact of reindexing data prior to refinement.

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.refine indexed.refl indexed.expt

At this stage the reciprocal lattice view will show a much improved level of agreement between the indexed reflections from the four sequences:

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.reciprocal_lattice_viewer refined.expt refined.refl

If the Bravais lattice was assigned, in refinement the lattice constraints (here that all cell angles are 90 degrees) will be applied.

Integration
-----------

At this stage the reflections may be integrated.  This is done by running

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.integrate refined.refl refined.expt

which will integrate each sweep in sequence, again using all available cores. After integration you can look at the integration shoeboxes with the image viewer, as

.. code-block:: bash

  dials.image_viewer integrated.refl integrated.expt



Symmetry Determination
----------------------

So far the data were processed with a triclinic unit cell, which is usually OK but not ideal for correctly *scaling* the data. After integration it is usual to determine the symmetry for scaling using

.. code-block:: bash

  dials.symmetry integrated.refl integrated.expt

This will look at the shape of the unit cell and determine the maximum possible symmetry based on the cell parameters, with some tolerance. Each of the possible symmetry operations will be individually tested and scored, and those operations identified as being present will be composed into the point group to be assigned to the data. An attempt is then made to estimate the space group from the presence or absence of axial reflections: this is rather less reliable than the point group determination but also less important for the scaling. After the point group has been determined the reflections will be reindexed automatically to match the correct setting, ensuring that the data are correctly prepared for scaling.

.. note:: ``dials.symmetry`` will only suggest one of the 65 Sohncke space groups relevant for chiral molecules. It will not detect mirrors or glide planes.


Scaling
-------


In general there is very little which needs to be adjusted in the scaling, as the process is largely automatic. The default model to use for the scaling corrections is "physical" which defines smoothly varying scale factors for the overall intensity and sample decay, with a smoothly varying surface expressed with four or six orders of spherical harmonics for the absorption correction. For organic small molecule crystals the absorption is unlikely to be substantial, so the default is to set ``low`` absorption. If metals are present or the data are taken with a long wavelength it may be helpful to reduce the strength of the restraints on the absorption surface by setting the absorption level

.. code-block:: bash

  dials.scale symmetrized.refl symmetrized.expt

.. code-block:: bash

  dials.scale symmetrized.refl symmetrized.expt absorption_level=medium

At this stage it is reasonable to consider assigning a resolution limit to the data, though the tutorial data are strong to the edge - this is achieved by setting d_min=0.7 (as an example). Suggestions on a sensible resolution limit to use, based on the CC half value, are included in the program output.

At the end of the output is the summary of the merging statistics for all data passed as input

::

            -------------Summary of merging statistics--------------

                                               Overall    Low     High
  High resolution limit                           0.58    1.58    0.58
  Low resolution limit                           12.04   12.04    0.59
  Completeness                                   96.9   100.0    49.4
  Multiplicity                                    7.7    11.8     1.3
  I/sigma                                        45.2    93.6     9.4
  Rmerge(I)                                     0.030   0.024   0.076
  Rmerge(I+/-)                                  0.029   0.023   0.067
  Rmeas(I)                                      0.032   0.025   0.099
  Rmeas(I+/-)                                   0.032   0.025   0.095
  Rpim(I)                                       0.010   0.007   0.063
  Rpim(I+/-)                                    0.012   0.008   0.067
  CC half                                       1.000   1.000   0.985
  Anomalous completeness                         90.9   100.0    10.1
  Anomalous multiplicity                          4.6     8.5     1.1
  Anomalous correlation                         0.168   0.137   0.000
  Anomalous slope                               1.251
  dF/F                                          0.023
  dI/s(dI)                                      0.991
  Total observations                            12198    1275      55
  Total unique                                   1583     108      41

Here it is clear that the data are "good" across the detector though the outer shell is incomplete due to the experimental geometry. From a data processing perspective our work is done, however in terms of downstream analysis there is more we can do, e.g. determination of a good unit cell to use for the subsequent stages of processing (with ESDs) and transforming the data format for e.g. SHELX.


Unit cell refinement
--------------------

After integration the unit cell for downstream analysis may be derived from refinement of the cell against observed two-theta angles from the reflections, across the four sequences:

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.two_theta_refine scaled.refl scaled.expt p4p=scaled.p4p

Here the results will be output to a p4p file for XPREP, which includes the standard uncertainties on the unit cell. Since the data are already scaled however it is not necessary to do any further scaling e.g. with SADABS. If you do wish to scale the integrated data with SADABS, see below. The uncertainties in the unit cell parameters after integration are typically rather small:

::

  Final refined crystal model:
  Crystal:
      Unit cell: 5.42183(3), 8.13282(5), 12.02218(7), 90.0, 90.0, 90.0
      Space group: P 21 21 21
      U matrix:  {{ 0.6983,  0.2387, -0.6749},
                  { 0.5789, -0.7429,  0.3362},
                  {-0.4212, -0.6254, -0.6569}}
      B matrix:  {{ 0.1844,  0.0000,  0.0000},
                  {-0.0000,  0.1230,  0.0000},
                  {-0.0000, -0.0000,  0.0832}}
      A = UB:    {{ 0.1288,  0.0293, -0.0561},
                  { 0.1068, -0.0913,  0.0280},
                  {-0.0777, -0.0769, -0.0546}}
  +-------------+-----------+----------------+
  | Parameter   |     Value |   Estimated sd |
  |-------------+-----------+----------------|
  | a           |   5.42183 |        3e-05   |
  | b           |   8.13282 |        5e-05   |
  | c           |  12.0222  |        7e-05   |
  | alpha       |  90       |        0       |
  | beta        |  90       |        0       |
  | gamma       |  90       |        0       |
  | volume      | 530.115   |        0.00356 |
  +-------------+-----------+----------------+
  Saving refined experiments to refined_cell.expt

However these may be useful in later structure refinement.


Exporting
---------

The output data are by default saved in the standard DIALS reflection format, which is not particularly useful. DIALS is able to convert this to SHELX format though. This can be done by

.. code-block:: bash

  dials.export scaled.refl scaled.expt format=shelx shelx.ins=lcys.ins shelx.hklout=lcys.hkl composition=CHNOS


So that you can then run

.. code-block:: bash

  shelxt lcys

to solve the structure etc.

Output for SADABS (alternate path)
----------------------------------

After integration, the data should be split before exporting to a format suitable for input to XPREP or SADABS.
Note that SADABS requires the batches and file names to be numbered from 1:

.. code-block:: bash

   dials.split_experiments integrated.refl integrated.expt
   dials.export format=sadabs reflections_0.refl experiments_0.expt sadabs.hklout=integrated_1.sad run=1
   dials.export format=sadabs reflections_1.refl experiments_1.expt sadabs.hklout=integrated_2.sad run=2
   dials.export format=sadabs reflections_2.refl experiments_2.expt sadabs.hklout=integrated_3.sad run=3
   dials.export format=sadabs reflections_3.refl experiments_3.expt sadabs.hklout=integrated_4.sad run=4

If desired, ``p4p`` files for each combination of ``reflections_[0-3].refl``, ``experiments_[0-3].expt`` could also be generated.
