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/// @example getting_started.cpp
/// @copybrief getting_started_cpp
/// > Annotated version: @ref getting_started_cpp

#include <cmath>
#include <numeric>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>

#include "dnnl.hpp"
#include "dnnl_debug.h"

#include "example_utils.hpp"

using namespace dnnl;
// [Prologue]

/// @page getting_started_cpp Getting started
///
/// This C++ API example demonstrates the basics of the DNNL programming model.
///
/// > Example code: @ref getting_started.cpp
///
/// This C++ API example demonstrates the basics of the DNNL programming model:
/// - How to create DNNL memory objects.
///   - How to get data from the user's buffer into a DNNL memory object.
///   - How a tensor's logical dimensions and memory object formats relate.
/// - How to create DNNL primitives.
/// - How to execute the primitives.
///
/// The example uses the ReLU operation and comprises the following steps:
/// 1. Creating @ref getting_started_cpp_sub1 to execute a primitive.
/// 2. Performing @ref getting_started_cpp_sub2.
/// 3. @ref getting_started_cpp_sub3 (using different flavors).
/// 4. @ref getting_started_cpp_sub4.
/// 5. @ref getting_started_cpp_sub5.
/// 6. @ref getting_started_cpp_sub6 (checking that the resulting image does
///    not contain negative values).
///
/// These steps are implemented in the @ref getting_started_cpp_tutorial, which
/// in turn is called from @ref getting_started_cpp_main (which is also
/// responsible for error handling).
///
/// @section getting_started_cpp_headers Public headers
///
/// To start using DNNL we must first include the @ref dnnl.hpp
/// header file in the program. We also include @ref dnnl_debug.h in
/// example_utils.hpp, which contains some debugging facilities like returning
/// a string representation for common DNNL C types.

// [Prologue]

/// @page getting_started_cpp
/// @section getting_started_cpp_tutorial getting_started_tutorial() function
///
void getting_started_tutorial(engine::kind engine_kind) {
    /// @page getting_started_cpp
    /// @subsection getting_started_cpp_sub1 Engine and stream
    ///
    /// All DNNL primitives and memory objects are attached to a
    /// particular @ref dnnl::engine, which is an abstraction of a
    /// computational device (see also @ref dev_guide_basic_concepts). The
    /// primitives are created and optimized for the device they are attached
    /// to and the memory objects refer to memory residing on the
    /// corresponding device. In particular, that means neither memory objects
    /// nor primitives that were created for one engine can be used on
    /// another.
    ///
    /// To create an engine, we should specify the @ref dnnl::engine::kind
    /// and the index of the device of the given kind.
    ///
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Initialize engine
    // [Initialize engine]
    engine eng(engine_kind, 0);
    // [Initialize engine]

    /// In addition to an engine, all primitives require a @ref dnnl::stream
    /// for the execution. The stream encapsulates an execution context and is
    /// tied to a particular engine.
    ///
    /// The creation is pretty straightforward:
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Initialize stream
    // [Initialize stream]
    stream engine_stream(eng);
    // [Initialize stream]

    /// In the simple cases, when a program works with one device only (e.g.
    /// only on CPU), an engine and a stream can be created once and used
    /// throughout the program. Some frameworks create singleton objects that
    /// hold DNNL engine and stream and use them throughout the code.

    /// @subsection getting_started_cpp_sub2 Data preparation (code outside of DNNL)
    ///
    /// Now that the preparation work is done, let's create some data to work
    /// with. We will create a 4D tensor in NHWC format, which is quite
    /// popular in many frameworks.
    ///
    /// Note that even though we work with one image only, the image tensor
    /// is still 4D. The extra dimension (here N) corresponds to the
    /// batch, and, in case of a single image, is equal to 1. It is pretty
    /// typical to have the batch dimension even when working with a single
    /// image.
    ///
    /// In DNNL, all CNN primitives assume that tensors have the batch
    /// dimension, which is always the first logical dimension (see also @ref
    /// dev_guide_conventions).
    ///
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Create user's data
    // [Create user's data]
    const int N = 1, H = 13, W = 13, C = 3;

    // Compute physical strides for each dimension
    const int stride_N = H * W * C;
    const int stride_H = W * C;
    const int stride_W = C;
    const int stride_C = 1;

    // An auxiliary function that maps logical index to the physical offset
    auto offset = [=](int n, int h, int w, int c) {
        return n * stride_N + h * stride_H + w * stride_W + c * stride_C;
    };

    // The image size
    const int image_size = N * H * W * C;

    // Allocate a buffer for the image
    std::vector<float> image(image_size);

    // Initialize the image with some values
    for (int n = 0; n < N; ++n)
        for (int h = 0; h < H; ++h)
            for (int w = 0; w < W; ++w)
                for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {
                    int off = offset(
                            n, h, w, c); // Get the physical offset of a pixel
                    image[off] = -std::cos(off / 10.f);
                }
    // [Create user's data]
    /// @subsection getting_started_cpp_sub3 Wrapping data into a DNNL memory object
    ///
    /// Now, having the image ready, let's wrap it in a @ref dnnl::memory
    /// object to be able to pass the data to DNNL primitives.
    ///
    /// Creating @ref dnnl::memory comprises two steps:
    ///   1. Initializing the @ref dnnl::memory::desc struct (also referred to
    ///      as a memory descriptor), which only describes the tensor data and
    ///      doesn't contain the data itself. Memory descriptors are used to
    ///      create @ref dnnl::memory objects and to initialize primitive
    ///      descriptors (shown later in the example).
    ///   2. Creating the @ref dnnl::memory object itself (also referred to as
    ///      a memory object), based on the memory descriptor initialized in
    ///      step 1, an engine, and, optionally, a handle to data. The
    ///      memory object is used when a primitive is executed.
    ///
    /// Thanks to the
    /// [list initialization](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/list_initialization)
    /// introduced in C++11, it is possible to combine these two steps whenever
    /// a memory descriptor is not used anywhere else but in creating a @ref
    /// dnnl::memory object.
    ///
    /// However, for the sake of demonstration, we will show both steps
    /// explicitly.

    /// @subsubsection getting_started_cpp_sub31 Memory descriptor
    ///
    /// To initialize the @ref dnnl::memory::desc, we need to pass:
    ///   1. The tensor's dimensions, **the semantic order** of which is
    ///      defined by **the primitive** that will use this memory
    ///      (descriptor). Which leads to the following:
    ///      @warning
    ///         Memory descriptors and objects are not aware of any meaning of
    ///         the data they describe or contain.
    ///   2. The data type for the tensor (@ref dnnl::memory::data_type).
    ///   3. The memory format tag (@ref dnnl::memory::format_tag) that
    ///      describes how the data is going to be laid out in the device's
    ///      memory. The memory format is required for the primitive to
    ///      correctly handle the data.
    ///
    /// The code:
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Init src_md
    // [Init src_md]
    auto src_md = memory::desc(
            {N, C, H, W}, // logical dims, the order is defined by a primitive
            memory::data_type::f32, // tensor's data type
            memory::format_tag::nhwc // memory format, NHWC in this case
    );
    // [Init src_md]

    /// The first thing to notice here is that we pass dimensions as `{N, C,
    /// H, W}` while it might seem more natural to pass `{N, H, W, C}`, which
    /// better corresponds to the user's code. This is because DNNL
    /// CNN primitives like ReLU always expect tensors in the following form:
    ///
    /// | Spatial dim | Tensor dimensions
    /// | :--         | :--
    /// | 0D          | \f$N \times C\f$
    /// | 1D          | \f$N \times C \times W\f$
    /// | 2D          | \f$N \times C \times H \times W\f$
    /// | 3D          | \f$N \times C \times D \times H \times W\f$
    ///
    /// where:
    /// - \f$N\f$ is a batch dimension (discussed above),
    /// - \f$C\f$ is channel (aka feature maps) dimension, and
    /// - \f$D\f$, \f$H\f$, and \f$W\f$ are spatial dimensions.
    ///
    /// Now that the logical order of dimension is defined, we need to specify
    /// the memory format (the third parameter), which describes how logical
    /// indices map to the offset in memory. This is the place where the user's
    /// format NHWC comes into play. DNNL has different @ref
    /// dnnl::memory::format_tag values that cover the most popular memory
    /// formats like NCHW, NHWC, CHWN, and some others.
    ///
    /// The memory descriptor for the image is called `src_md`. The `src` part
    /// comes from the fact that the image will be a source for the ReLU
    /// primitive (that is, we formulate memory names from the primitive
    /// perspective; hence we will use `dst` to name the output memory). The
    /// `md` is an initialism for Memory Descriptor.

    /// @paragraph getting_started_cpp_sub311 Alternative way to create a memory descriptor
    ///
    /// Before we continue with memory creation, let us show the alternative
    /// way to create the same memory descriptor: instead of using the
    /// @ref dnnl::memory::format_tag, we can directly specify the strides
    /// of each tensor dimension:
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Init alt_src_md
    // [Init alt_src_md]
    auto alt_src_md = memory::desc(
            {N, C, H, W}, // logical dims, the order is defined by a primitive
            memory::data_type::f32, // tensor's data type
            {stride_N, stride_C, stride_H, stride_W} // the strides
    );

    // Sanity check: the memory descriptors should be the same
    if (src_md != alt_src_md)
        throw std::logic_error("Memory descriptor initialization mismatch.");
    // [Init alt_src_md]

    /// Just as before, the tensor's dimensions come in the `N, C, H, W` order
    /// as required by CNN primitives. To define the physical memory format,
    /// the strides are passed as the third parameter. Note that the order of
    /// the strides corresponds to the order of the tensor's dimensions.
    /// @warning
    ///     Using the wrong order might lead to incorrect results or even a
    ///     crash.

    /// @subsubsection getting_started_cpp_sub32 Creating a memory object
    ///
    /// Having a memory descriptor and an engine prepared, let's create
    /// input and output memory objects for a ReLU primitive.
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Create memory objects
    // [Create memory objects]
    // src_mem contains a copy of image after write_to_dnnl_memory function
    auto src_mem = memory(src_md, eng);
    write_to_dnnl_memory(image.data(), src_mem);

    // For dst_mem the library allocates buffer
    auto dst_mem = memory(src_md, eng);
    // [Create memory objects]

    /// We already have a memory buffer for the source memory object.  We pass
    /// it to the
    /// @ref dnnl::memory::memory(const desc &, const engine &, void *)
    /// constructor that takes a buffer pointer as its last argument.
    ///
    /// Let's use a constructor that instructs the library to allocate a
    /// memory buffer for the `dst_mem` for educational purposes.
    ///
    /// The key difference between these two are:
    /// 1. The library will own the memory for `dst_mem` and will deallocate
    ///    it when `dst_mem` is destroyed. That means the memory buffer can
    ///    be used only while `dst_mem` is alive.
    /// 2. Library-allocated buffers have good alignment, which typically
    ///    results in better performance.
    ///
    /// @note
    ///     Memory allocated outside of the library and passed to Intel DNNL
    ///     should have good alignment for better performance.
    ///
    /// In the subsequent section we will show how to get the buffer (pointer)
    /// from the `dst_mem` memory object.
    /// @subsection getting_started_cpp_sub4 Creating a ReLU primitive
    ///
    /// Let's now create a ReLU primitive.
    ///
    /// The library implements ReLU primitive as a particular algorithm of a
    /// more general @ref dev_guide_eltwise primitive, which applies a specified
    /// function to each and every element of the source tensor.
    ///
    /// Just as in the case of @ref dnnl::memory, a user should always go
    /// through (at least) three creation steps (which however, can be sometimes
    /// combined thanks to C++11):
    /// 1. Initialize an operation descriptor (in this example,
    ///    @ref dnnl::eltwise_forward::desc), which defines the operation
    ///    parameters.
    /// 2. Create an operation primitive descriptor (here @ref
    ///    dnnl::eltwise_forward::primitive_desc), which is a
    ///    **lightweight** descriptor of the actual algorithm that
    ///    **implements** the given operation. The user can query different
    ///    characteristics of the chosen implementation such as memory
    ///    consumptions and some others that will be covered in the next topic
    ///    (@ref memory_format_propagation_cpp).
    /// 3. Create a primitive (here @ref dnnl::eltwise_forward) that can be
    ///    executed on memory objects to compute the operation.
    ///
    /// DNNL separates steps 2 and 3 to enable the user to inspect details of a
    /// primitive implementation prior to creating the primitive.  This may be
    /// expensive, because, for example, DNNL generates the optimized
    /// computational code on the fly.
    ///
    ///@note
    ///    Primitive creation might be a very expensive operation, so consider
    ///    creating primitive objects once and executing them multiple times.
    ///
    /// The code:
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Create a ReLU primitive
    // [Create a ReLU primitive]
    //  ReLU op descriptor (no engine- or implementation-specific information)
    auto relu_d = eltwise_forward::desc(
            prop_kind::forward_inference, algorithm::eltwise_relu,
            src_md, // the memory descriptor for an operation to work on
            0.f, // alpha parameter means negative slope in case of ReLU
            0.f // beta parameter is ignored in case of ReLU
    );

    // ReLU primitive descriptor, which corresponds to a particular
    // implementation in the library
    auto relu_pd
            = eltwise_forward::primitive_desc(relu_d, // an operation descriptor
                    eng // an engine the primitive will be created for
            );

    // ReLU primitive
    auto relu = eltwise_forward(relu_pd); // !!! this can take quite some time
    // [Create a ReLU primitive]

    /// A note about variable names. Similar to the `_md` suffix used for
    /// memory descriptor, we use `_d` for the operation descriptor names,
    /// `_pd` for the primitive descriptors, and no suffix for primitives
    /// themselves.
    ///
    /// It is worth mentioning that we specified the exact tensor and its
    /// memory format when we were initializing the `relu_d`. That means
    /// `relu` primitive would perform computations with memory objects that
    /// correspond to this description. This is the one and only one way of
    /// creating non-compute-intensive primitives like @ref dev_guide_eltwise,
    /// @ref dev_guide_batch_normalization, and others.
    ///
    /// Compute-intensive primitives (like @ref dev_guide_convolution) have an
    /// ability to define the appropriate memory format on their own. This is
    /// one of the key features of the library and will be discussed in detail
    /// in the next topic: @ref memory_format_propagation_cpp.

    /// @subsection getting_started_cpp_sub5 Executing the ReLU primitive
    ///
    /// Finally, let's execute the primitive and wait for its completion.
    ///
    /// The input and output memory objects are passed to the `execute()`
    /// method using a <tag, memory> map. Each tag specifies what kind of
    /// tensor each memory object represents. All @ref dev_guide_eltwise
    /// primitives require the map to have two elements: a source memory
    /// object (input) and a destination memory (output).
    ///
    /// A primitive is executed in a stream (the first parameter of the
    /// `execute()` method). Depending on a stream kind, an execution might be
    /// blocking or non-blocking. This means that we need to call @ref
    /// dnnl::stream::wait before accessing the results.
    ///
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Execute ReLU primitive
    // [Execute ReLU primitive]
    // Execute ReLU (out-of-place)
    relu.execute(engine_stream, // The execution stream
            {
                    // A map with all inputs and outputs
                    {DNNL_ARG_SRC, src_mem}, // Source tag and memory obj
                    {DNNL_ARG_DST, dst_mem}, // Destination tag and memory obj
            });

    // Wait the stream to complete the execution
    engine_stream.wait();
    // [Execute ReLU primitive]

    /// The @ref dev_guide_eltwise is one of the primitives that support
    /// in-place operations, meaning that the source and destination memory can
    /// be the same. To perform in-place transformation, the user must pass the
    /// same memory object for both the `DNNL_ARG_SRC` and
    /// `DNNL_ARG_DST` tags:
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Execute ReLU primitive in-place
    // [Execute ReLU primitive in-place]
    // Execute ReLU (in-place)
    // relu.execute(engine_stream,  {
    //          {DNNL_ARG_SRC, src_mem},
    //          {DNNL_ARG_DST, src_mem},
    //         });
    // [Execute ReLU primitive in-place]

    /// @page getting_started_cpp
    /// @subsection getting_started_cpp_sub6 Obtaining the result and validation
    ///
    /// Now that we have the computed result, let's validate that it is
    /// actually correct. The result is stored in the `dst_mem` memory object.
    /// So we need to obtain the C++ pointer to a buffer with data via @ref
    /// dnnl::memory::get_data_handle() and cast it to the proper data type
    /// as shown below.
    ///
    /// @warning
    ///     The @ref dnnl::memory::get_data_handle() returns a raw handle
    ///     to the buffer, the type of which is engine specific. For the CPU
    ///     engine the buffer is always a pointer to `void`, which can safely
    ///     be used. However, for engines other than CPU the handle might be
    ///     runtime-specific type, such as `cl_mem` in case of GPU/OpenCL.
    ///
    /// @snippet getting_started.cpp Check the results
    // [Check the results]
    // Obtain a buffer for the `dst_mem` and cast it to `float *`.
    // This is safe since we created `dst_mem` as f32 tensor with known
    // memory format.
    std::vector<float> relu_image(image_size);
    read_from_dnnl_memory(relu_image.data(), dst_mem);
    /*
    // Check the results
    for (int n = 0; n < N; ++n)
        for (int h = 0; h < H; ++h)
            for (int w = 0; w < W; ++w)
                for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {
                    int off = offset(
                            n, h, w, c); // get the physical offset of a pixel
                    float expected = image[off] < 0
                            ? 0.f
                            : image[off]; // expected value
                    if (relu_image[off] != expected) {
                        std::cout << "At index(" << n << ", " << c << ", " << h
                                  << ", " << w << ") expect " << expected
                                  << " but got " << relu_image[off]
                                  << std::endl;
                        throw std::logic_error("Accuracy check failed.");
                    }
                }
    // [Check the results]
    */
}

/// @page getting_started_cpp
///
/// @section getting_started_cpp_main main() function
///
/// We now just call everything we prepared earlier.
///
/// Because we are using the DNNL C++ API, we use exceptions to handle errors
/// (see @ref dev_guide_c_and_cpp_apis).
/// The DNNL C++ API throws exceptions of type @ref dnnl::error,
/// which contains the error status (of type @ref dnnl_status_t) and a
/// human-readable error message accessible through regular `what()` method.
/// @page getting_started_cpp
/// @snippet getting_started.cpp Main
// [Main]
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    int exit_code = 0;

    engine::kind engine_kind = parse_engine_kind(argc, argv);
    try {
        getting_started_tutorial(engine_kind);
    } catch (dnnl::error &e) {
        std::cout << "DNNL error caught: " << std::endl
                  << "\tStatus: " << dnnl_status2str(e.status) << std::endl
                  << "\tMessage: " << e.what() << std::endl;
        exit_code = 1;
    } catch (std::string &e) {
        std::cout << "Error in the example: " << e << "." << std::endl;
        exit_code = 2;
    }

    std::cout << "Example " << (exit_code ? "failed" : "passed") << " on "
              << engine_kind2str_upper(engine_kind) << "." << std::endl;
    return exit_code;
}
// [Main]

/// @page getting_started_cpp
///
/// <b></b>
///
/// Upon compiling and run the example the output should be just:
///
/// ~~~
/// Example passed.
/// ~~~
///
/// Users are encouraged to experiment with the code to familiarize themselves
/// with the concepts. In particular, one of the changes that might be of
/// interest is to spoil some of the library calls to check how error handling
/// happens. For instance, if we replace
///
/// ~~~cpp
/// relu.execute(engine_stream, {
///         {DNNL_ARG_SRC, src_mem},
///         {DNNL_ARG_DST, dst_mem},
///     });
/// ~~~
///
/// with
///
/// ~~~cpp
/// relu.execute(engine_stream, {
///         {DNNL_ARG_SRC, src_mem},
///         // {DNNL_ARG_DST, dst_mem}, // Oops, forgot about this one
///     });
/// ~~~
///
/// we should get the following output:
///
/// ~~~
/// DNNL error caught:
///         Status: invalid_arguments
///         Message: could not execute a primitive
/// Example failed.
/// ~~~
