DACS.EXPRS(5)

Name
dacs.exprs - DACS expression language

DESCRIPTION

These files are part of the DACS suite.

DPL (the DACS programming language) is used in access control rules, revocation lists, configuration files, for self-testing DACS, in general purpose scripts, and interactively. The ability to evaluate scripts gives DACS maximum run-time configurability and flexibility. A DPL expression may appear within predicate, allow, and deny elements of an access control rule, for example. DPL is also accessible using the dacsexpr(1)[1] command, which can be used for writing scripts even for non-DACS applications.

DPL, which is gradually evolving in mostly backward-compatible ways, is similar in many ways to Perl[2], PHP[3], Tcl[4] and its expressions look and behave much like C/C++ expressions. The calling signatures for functions are reminiscent of those of Tcl, with literal or string arguments used to select a particular mode of operation or specify options. The syntaxes used for strings and variables have been influenced by various Unix shells. Our intent is for the language to feel familiar and be easy to use for the typical tasks at hand. We have tried not to be gratuitously different.

    Note

    The philosophy guiding the design of the DACS expression language is that it should remain small and limited to basic operations on elementary data types that can be expressed simply and evaluated efficiently. This is why the language does not include much in the way of control flow statements - our feeling is that complicated expressions are more likely to introduce mistakes, which can easily result in access control rules not working as intended. A collection of utility and higher-level functions are provided for the typical kinds of tasks at hand. Only a subset of the functionality implemented within DACS is accessible through the language.

    While fleshing out the language is not a priority, expression syntax and the set of functions are being extended as necessary. An extensibility mechanism has been designed that would let user-defined functions be loaded at run-time.

    While there are no immediate plans to do so, replacing the DACS expression language with a general-purpose extension language may eventually make sense. Tcl and Perl would be leading contenders.

    Tip

    The dacsexpr(1)[1] utility can be useful for learning, testing, and debugging DPL.

  Expression Syntax

Expression evaluation consists of a lexical analysis stage, in which the expression is broken into a sequence of tokens, followed by evaluation of the tokens.

Expression syntax is checked before an expression is evaluated. Any syntactic or run-time evaluation error immediately terminates evaluation of the top-level expression and returns a False result.

    Note

    Because files containing expressions are local to the DACS site on which they appear (i.e., DACS does not copy them), they need not be portable across sites. This means that any DACS jurisdiction is free to customize or extend these expressions at will since they do not have to be understood or executed by any other jurisdiction.

Comments

    Three comment styles are recognized:

        • The /* ... */ C style comment syntax, which does not nest;

        • The // syntax of C++, where the remainder of the line following the token is ignored; and

        • The # syntax of shells and many scripting languages, provided the # is either at the beginning of a line or appears after whitespace, where the remainder of the line following the token is ignored. Note that escaping the # by preceding it with a backslash prevents the text that follows from being interpreted as a comment. For example, this will result in a syntax error if the backslash is omitted:

            > ${foo:? \#xxx}
            " #xxx"

Here are examples of all three styles:

    /*
     * This is a comment
     */
    // This is another comment
    ${x} = 17;  # And one last comment

Additionally, when expressions are parsed in the context of an XML document (such as in an access control rule), the XML comment syntax can be used (<!-- A comment -->). Such comments can span multiple lines.

    <!--
    Comment out this clause for now...
    <Auth id="authx">
    STYLE "expr"
    CONTROL "sufficient"
    </Auth>
    -->

  Basic Data Types

The following basic data types are supported:

integer
int
    , Integers are represented internally as a C/C++ long int. Maximum and minimum values are platform dependent. Integers are written in the C-style syntax; for example, -1958, 0377 (octal), and 0xABC (hexadecimal, upper or lower case).

real
double
    , Reals are represented internally as a C/C++ double. Maximum and minimum values are platform dependent. A real constant is an optional sequence of decimal digits (possibly signed) followed by a period and 1) at least one digit or 2) an 'e' or 'E' followed by at least one digit.

string
    A string is a sequence of characters enclosed between matching single or double quotes (e.g., 'Hello world'). Interpolation of variables occurs within double quotes but not single quotes. C-style character escape codes and octal and hex numeric escape codes are understood (e.g., "\t", "\010", "\xfa") and either quote character (e.g., 'It\'s here') and the backslash character (e.g., "\\") can be quoted. An unrecognized quoted character is mapped to that character (e.g., "\x" is "x"). Character strings are limited in length by available memory and are represented internally as a null-terminated vector.

        Note

            • Because a string is null-terminated, it cannot contain a NUL character. Also, functions that deal with strings usually do not expect (most) ASCII control characters to appear in a string. Therefore a string that contains an unprintable character (a character that is not a tab, newline, carriage return, and that does not satisfy isprint(3)[5]) automatically becomes a bstring (see below).

            • Because DACS configuration files are XML documents, characters special to XML must be properly escaped within them. In particular, an ampersand character must always be written as &amp; and a < character must be written as &lt;. For example, the query string a=1&b=2 might be used as

                ${Foo::QUERY_STRING} = "a=1&amp;b=2"

        Variable references may occur within a (double-quoted) string; the value of the variable reference is interpolated at that point. If ${Foo::bar} is "hello", then the value of "${Foo::bar}, world" is "hello, world".

            Note
            The first expression is invalid and must be written as the second:

                foo"baz"
                foo."baz"

    binary
    bstring
        , A binary string is a sequence of bytes, limited in length by available memory. Most language operators cannot be applied to data of this type without converting it to another type (e.g., two bstring values cannot be added using the + operator). A binary string is not necessarily portable across systems.

            > "\0\1\2"
            "000102"

    bareword
        This type is a "literal word" much like Perl's barewords. A bareword consists of an initial alphabetic character, followed by any number of alphanumerics and underscores. The resulting lexical token must have no other interpretation in the language and is treated as if it were a quoted string. This syntactic convenience makes these two function calls equivalent:

            file(test, "-e", foo)
            file("test", "-e", "foo")

        These two expressions are equivalent and yield "foobaz":

            foo."baz"
            foo.baz

    bool
        The boolean values True and False are either the result of evaluating certain expressions or are implicit argument values. This is really a pseudo-type because it is represented internally as an integer. In the former case, the integer 1 is the canonical "true" value and 0 is considered "false". In the latter case, there are several possibilities. If the argument is an integer or real, any non-zero value is considered True and 0 is considered False. For the string data type, both the empty string (i.e., "") and the string "0" are considered False and anything else is considered True. A binary string is equivalent to False if and only if its length is zero. An empty list of either variety ("[]" or "{}") is False, while any non-empty list or alist is True.

    Automatic type conversion is performed when necessary and possible. In general, a "lower" type is promoted to a "higher" type (e.g., an integer is converted to a real when it is added to a real) and the result is of the higher type. Arguments to function calls are automatically coerced to the required types. A printable binary string (one not containing any "troublesome" control characters) can be converted into a string without loss; other binary strings are converted into a hexadecimal string representation for assignment or display.

    The C/C++ unary cast operation is available for explicit type conversion. Not all conversions are supported (e.g., integer to binary and binary to string). These type names are case sensitive.

    The language includes the concept of the void type, which cannot be stored in a variable, used as an operand, or printed. Some functions are void, print()[6] for example. A value can be cast[7] to void.

        Note

        Support for binary data is only partially implemented.

  Variables and Namespaces

Every variable exists within a namespace. Namespaces exist so that the same variable name can exist safely and without ambiguity in different contexts. They also serve to group together and name a set of closely related variables, and they make it easy for all variables in the set to be assigned a characteristic (such as being read-only). For example, CGI parameter values are automatically put in the Args namespace and variables automatically created by DACS are put in the DACS namespace. Namespaces address the problem of a parameter name that happens to have the same name as a variable created by DACS, for example. They also allow intermediate results to be stored in their own namespace, also avoiding the problem of clashing variable names.

Variables are not declared in advance. The value of an uninitialized variable is the empty string, which is invalid in a numerical context, but variables should always be initialized before being used. Some variables are created automatically by DACS from the execution context (e.g., the value of a CGI parameter value, the identity of the client, an environment variable), as a side-effect of function evaluation, or by an assignment operator.

The interpreter tries to maintain the natural type of a variable when possible, to avoid conversions to and from the string type.

Variable Syntax

    A variable reference may have either of the following syntaxes:

        ${[namespace::]variable-name[:flags]}
        $[namespace::]variable-name

    For instance, the following refers to the value of a variable called JURISDICTION_NAME within the namespace called Conf:

        ${Conf::JURISDICTION_NAME}

    A variable called JURISDICTION_NAME within a different namespace could exist and would be completely distinct.

    A namespace must begin with an alphabetic character and can be followed by any number of alphabetics, digits, dashes, and underscores. By convention, predefined namespaces begin with an upper case letter.

    If the namespace is omitted from a variable reference, a default namespace is implied (see below).

    A variable name consists of any number of alphanumeric characters (upper and lower case), and characters from this set:

        -_.!~*'()

    Additionally, a "%" character that is followed by two hexadecimal characters (upper and lower case) is acceptable.

    Variables having names that would ordinarily be invalid may be created during execution. Although they may be visible in some contexts, they cannot be directly referenced or modified.

    If instead of a variable name the character "#" appears, the number of variables in the namespace is returned. If the namespace does not exist, 0 is returned. For example, the value of this variable reference is the number of variables in the Conf namespace:

        ${Conf::#}

    When the syntax with braces is used, a variable name may be followed by a colon and then one or more modifier flags that affect the processing of the variable. Referencing an invalid variable name or unknown namespace, or using an undefined modifier flag[8] is an error. Referencing an undefined variable yields the empty string.

    Variable names are case sensitive by default; namespaces are always case sensitive.

    User-defined variables and namespaces are not persistent. They disappear when their execution context terminates.

    The variables within a namespace have no predictable natural ordering; the namespace can be thought of as an unordered set of variables. This of course does not preclude the application of a naming convention to effectively order the contents of the namespace. For example, we might do:

        ${Months::first} = "January"
        ${Months::second} = "February"
        ${Months::third} = "March"

    Or perhaps:

        ${Months::0} = "January"
        ${Months::1} = "February"
        ${Months::2} = "March"

        Tip

        A variable reference may not contain any whitespace except when it appears after a ? or + modifier flag[8].

        Tip

        Because many variable references do not include flags or use punctuation characters in the variable name, as a convenience the braces that surround a variable reference may be omitted in certain cases. This is only possible if the variable name begins with an alphabetic or an underscore, which can be followed by alphanumerics and underscores. A namespace may be specified, but flags are not permitted, although the special "#" construct is also allowed. The variable name ends with the first invalid character. For example, these pairs of variable references are equivalent:

            ${myvar}
            $myvar
            ${foo::baz}
            $foo::baz

        Note that the variable reference ${foo-17} has a valid but different interpretation if the braces are omitted.

Variable Modifier Flags

    A variable reference may include one or more modifier flags that control how the reference is to be interpreted.

    The following modifier flags are recognized:

    e
        Exists: The "e" modifier flag is used to test whether the variable exists (has been defined). Instead of returning the value of the variable or causing an error, the value of the variable reference is the string "1" if the variable is defined, the empty string otherwise (equivalent to False).

    i
        Insensitive: When looking up the name of a variable, the default is to use a case-sensitive comparison for the variable name. To use a case-insensitive comparison instead, an "i" flag is used (e.g., ${FOO::i}). The namespace lookup is always case sensitive.

    n
        Non-empty: The "n" modifier flag tests whether the variable exists (has been defined) and is not the empty string (i.e., has zero length). Instead of returning the value of the variable or causing an error, the value of the variable reference is the string "1" if the variable is defined and is not the empty string, otherwise it is the empty string (equivalent to False).

    z
        Zero: The opposite of the "n" flag, instead of returning the value of the variable or causing an error, the value of the variable reference is the string "1" if the variable is undefined or the empty string, otherwise it is the empty string (equivalent to False).

    ?
        Default: The "?" modifier flag must appear last if it is used. The flag is immediately followed by zero or more characters. Its purpose is to associate a default value with the variable reference. If the variable is defined and is not empty, then the result of the variable reference is the value of the variable; otherwise, the result is the evaluation of the characters that follow the "?" flag. If no character follows the "?" flag, the empty string is indicated. The default may itself contain variable references, embedded spaces, etc., and is evaluated left to right. Any "}" characters appearing in the string before the last closing brace must be escaped by being preceded by a backslash.

    +
        Substitute: The "+" modifier flag must appear last if it is used. The flag is immediately followed by zero or more characters. Its purpose is to associate a substitute value with a variable reference. If the variable is defined and is not the empty string, then the result of the variable reference is the evaluation of the characters that follow the "+" flag; if the variable is undefined or is the empty string, the value of the variable reference is the empty string. If no character follows the "+" flag, the empty string is indicated. The substitute may itself contain variable references, embedded spaces, etc., and is evaluated left to right. Any "}" characters appearing in the string before the last closing brace must be escaped by being preceded by a backslash.
    The i can be combined with any other flag, but it must appear first. All other flags are mutually exclusive. Repetitions of a flag are ignored. An unrecognized flag raises an error condition.

    Consider these examples:

        ${Args::SCALE:?17}
        ${Foo::bar:i?${Bar::baz\}baz}
        "${DACS::QUERY:+?}${DACS::QUERY:?}"

    In the first example, if ${Args::SCALE} is undefined or empty, the value of the variable reference is "17" instead of the value of ${Args::SCALE}. In the second example, if ${Foo::bar} (case insensitive) is defined, the result is its value, otherwise the result is the value of the string "${Bar::baz}baz". In the third example, if ${DACS::QUERY} is defined and not empty, the value of the expression will be a question mark followed by the value of ${DACS::QUERY}. If ${DACS::QUERY} is undefined or empty, the value will be the empty string.

Reserved Namespaces

    The following namespaces are predefined by DACS and reserved for particular uses. Some are read-only, which means that only DACS can create a variable or change the value of a variable in the namespace, except in certain contexts.

    Args
        Instantiated from query string arguments and the POST data stream (if the content type is application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data). This namespace is read-only.

    Argv
        Instantiated by dacsexpr from the command line flags passed to the script. The value of ${Argv::0} is the name of the file being processed, with - signifying the standard input. The next argument, if any, will be ${Argv::1}, and so on. This namespace is read-only.

    Auth
        Used by dacs_authenticate(8)[9] during authentication processing.

    Conf
        Instantiated with configuration directive variables, this namespace is made read-only after configuration processing. See dacs.conf(5)[10].

    Cookies
        This namespace is instantiated with HTTP cookies that were submitted with a request. For security reasons, those associated with DACS credentials are excluded. This is a read-only namespace. If a cookie named foo is sent by a user agent, an access control rule can access the cookie value as ${Cookies::foo}.

    DACS
        Instantiated with DACS-specific variables. It is read-only. See dacs_acs(8)[11].

    Env
        For web services, instantiated with the standard Apache environment variables; for other programs, instantiated from the execution environment (environ(7)[12]). It is read-only.

    ExecEnv
        Used by exec()[13].

    Expr
        Contains variables that control the behaviour of expression evaluation. This is a convenience, a kludge, or both.

    LDAP
        Used by local_ldap_authenticate.

    Temp
        Unless disabled or redefined at build-time, variable references that do not include a namespace are associated with this namespace as a convenience. The following three expressions are therefore equivalent:

            ${foo} = 17
            ${Temp::foo} = 17
            $foo = 17

        In a future release, this mechanism may be generalized to provide a run-time means of selecting the default namespace.

  Lists, Alists, and Arrays

DPL supports more complicated data structures based on lists and associative lists. These types may also be combined and composed so that programmers can create lists of lists, and so on.

Lists

    A list is composed of zero or more basic data types or sub-lists. A list is created using the following syntax:

        LIST     -> "[" "]" | "[" LIST-ELS "]"
        LIST-ELS -> EL | EL "," LIST-ELS
        EL       -> BASIC-DATA-TYPE | LIST

    A list can also be created through the list()[14] function.

    Here is a list consisting of four elements:

        [1, "one", 1.000, ["one sublist"]]

    The length()[15] function returns the number of elements in a list.

    A list can be assigned to a variable:

        $mylist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
        $mylist_copy = $mylist

        Note

        These two statements are equivalent:

            $mylist = ["one", "two"]
            ${mylist} = ["one", "two"]

        And so are these two:

            $mylist[0]
            ${mylist}[0]

        Modifier flags therefore do not apply to list elements, only the list variable.

    A list or element can be appended to another list using the "." ("dot") concatenation operator. List elements can be rotated using the ">>" ("shift left") or "<<" ("shift right") operators. The compound assignment operator versions of these operators may also be used.

        > $mylist=[orange, apple, grape]
        [orange,apple,grape]
        > $mylist . banana
        [orange,apple,grape,banana]
        > $mylist .= [prune,plum]
        [orange,apple,grape,prune,plum]
        > $mylist .= [[lime]]
        [orange,apple,grape,prune,plum,[lime]]
        >$mylist << 1
        [apple,grape,banana,prune,plum,[lime],orange]

    A list element can be referenced using a subscript between zero and one less than the number of elements in the list:

        > $mylist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; length($mylist)
        6
        > $mylist[0]
        1

    It is an error to reference a non-existent list element using a subscript. (Note: additional syntax may be introduced to provide a way to declare lists and arrays.)

    The values of one or more list elements are selected by a list reference, which includes the simple subscript case just described. The value of a list reference is either a basic data type or a list.

        LIST-REFERENCE       -> "[" LIST-REFERENCE-ELS "]"
        LIST-REFERENCE-ELS   -> EMPTY | LIST-REFERENCE-EL | LIST-REFERENCE-EL "," LIST-REFERENCE-ELS
        LIST-REFERENCE-EL    -> EXP | LIST-REFERENCE-SLICE
        LIST-REFERENCE-SLICE -> EXP ".." EXP
        LIST-REFERENCE-SEQ   -> LIST-REFERENCE | LIST-REFERENCE LIST-REFERENCE-SEQ

    An EXP must evaluate to a non-negative integer value. The ".." ("dotdot") range operator specifies a sequence of subscripts between the value to its left and the value to its right, inclusive. The left value must not be greater than the right value. If "#" appears to the right of the ".." operator, the number of elements in the list variable or the intermediate list computation is implied. A "#" may not appear to the left of ".." and may not be used in an expression (e.g., "#-2" is invalid). As in a function's argument list, a comma is not treated as the comma operator in this context. Note that it is not an error to specify non-existent elements in a slice; therefore it is possible for the value of a list reference to be the empty list.

        > $i=1, $mylist[$i]
        2
        > $mylist[1,3,5]
        [2,4,6]
        > $mylist[0..2,4]
        [1,2,3,5]
        > $mylist[2..#]
        [3,4,5,6]
        > $mylist[0..3]
        [1,2,3,4]

    The dotdot operator can also be used to construct an element of a list or alist:

        > $a = [1, 4..8, 10, 12, 13]
        [1,4..8,10,12,13]
        > length($a)
        5
        > $b = [0..2,4]; listref($a, $b)
        [1,4..8,10,13]

    Whether a "[" ... "]" sequence introduces a list constructor or list reference depends on the context; if it appears to the right of a list variable, list constructor, a function that returns a list, or another list reference, it is treated as a list reference.

    List references can be composed as a right-associative operation. For example:

        > $a = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
        [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
        > $a[1][1]
        5
        > $a[0..1][1..2]
        [[4,5,6]]
        > $a[0..1][1..2][0][2]
        6

        Tip

        Individual characters and sequences of characters of a string-valued expression can be selected using strchars()[16], which uses a similar syntax.

        Note

            • The list constructor and list reference syntax has not yet been integrated with the expression grammar[17].

            • A list value can also be assigned to a subscripted variable; only a single subscript is allowed, however, and the referenced element must already exist:

                > $a = [1, 2, 3]
                [1,2,3]
                > $a[2] = 17
                17
                > $i = 1
                1
                > $a[$i] = [10, 11]
                [10,11]
                > $a
                [1,[10,11],17]

Alists

    DPL's associative list, or "alist", is similar to Perl's hashes. An alist is composed of zero or more pairs. The first element of each pair is a case-sensitive key, unique within the alist, that is used to index the element. The second element of a pair is its value, which may be any data type. The key element of a pair, or all the keys in an alist, can be obtained using keysof()[18]. Similarly, valuesof()[19] yields the value element or a list of value elements.

    Unlike a regular list, elements within an alist are not ordered. Two alists can only be compared for equality (or inequality); they are equal if they contain exactly the same pairs.

    An alist has the following syntax:

        ALIST       -> "{" "}" | "{" ALIST-PAIRS "}"
        ALIST-PAIRS -> ALIST-PAIR | ALIST-PAIRS "," ALIST-PAIR
        ALIST-PAIR  -> KEY-EL "," VALUE-EL
        KEY-EL      -> STRING
        VALUE-EL    -> BASIC-DATA-TYPE | LIST | ALIST

    An alist can also be created through the alist()[20] function.

    Here is an alist consisting of four elements:

        {"red", 0, "blue", 2, "green", 5, "black", 7}

    The length()[15] function returns the number of pairs of elements in an alist.

    An alist can be assigned to a variable:

        $myalist = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
        $myalist_copy = $myalist

    An alist can be appended to another alist using the "." ("dot") concatenation operator. The compound assignment operator version of this operator may also be used.

        > $myalist={sunny, 3}
        {"sunny", 3}
        > $myalist . {rainy, 11}
        {"sunny", 3, "rainy", 11}
        > $myalist .= {"snowy", 13}
        {"sunny", 3, "snowy", 13}

    An alist element or pair is referenced using a string subscript. A sequence of string subscripts can be used to select multiple pairs. If the subscript (or subscripts) are within brackets, then a successful result will be a basic data type or a list. If the subscript (or subscripts) are within braces, then a successful result will always be an alist. Note that because an alist subscript is not automatically converted to the string type, a numeric subscript is illegal.

        > $myalist = {a, 2, b, 4, c, 6}; length($myalist)
        3
        > $myalist["a"]
        2
        > $myalist{"b"}
        {"b", 4}
        > $myalist{"c", "a"}
        {"c", 6, "a", 2}

    It is an error to reference a non-existent alist element. (Note: additional syntax may be introduced to provide a way to declare lists and arrays.)

    Like regular lists, alist references can be composed as a right-associative operation:

        > $myalist = {a, [1, 2], b, [3, 4], c, [5, 6]}; length($myalist)
        3
        > $myalist["a"]
        [1, 2]
        > $myalist{"b"}
        {"b", [3, 4]}
        > $myalist{"b"}[1]
        4

    It is possible to convert an alist to a regular list, or vice versa; see the cast[7] operator.

        Note

        There is currently no way to delete an alist pair.

  Expression Grammar

The following grammar is used to construct an expression (EXP) or sequence (S) of expressions.

    Note

    The syntax is very similar to that of the C programming language. It differs with respect to data types, variables, compile-time operators, and on some minor aspects of grammar.

A sequence of statements (or simply a sequence) is two or more expressions, with a ";" character separating them. The ";" is unnecessary following the last statement in a sequence of statements (and is therefore unnecessary if there is only one expression). The statements are evaluated in the order in which they appear. The value of a sequence is that of the last expression, unless an exit or return function is invoked, in which case the value of the sequence is the value returned by the function call. An error condition will also terminate evaluation of the sequence and yield a result of False. A sequence within curly braces is called a block.

Figure 1. Expression Grammar

    S    -> E    | E ";" | E ";" S
    E    -> E2   | E2 "," E
    E2   -> E3   | VAR ASSIGN_OP E2 | IF_ELSEIF_ELSE
    E3   -> E4   | E4 "?" E ":" E
    E4   -> E5   | E5 OR E5
    E5   -> E6   | E6 AND E5
    E6   -> E7   | E7 "|" E7
    E7   -> E8   | E8 "^" E8
    E8   -> E9   | E9 "&" E9
    E9   -> E10  | E10 EQ_OP E10
    E10  -> E11  | E11 REL_OP E11
    E11  -> E12  | E12 "." E12
    E12  -> E13  | E13 "<<" E13 | E13 ">>" E13
    E13  -> E14  | E14 "+" E14  | E14 "-" E14
    E14  -> E15  | E15 "*" E15  | E15 "/" E15 | E15 "%" E15
    E15  -> E16  | E16 "^" E14  | E16 "**" E14
    E16  -> E17  | NOT E16 | "~" E16 | "++" VAR | "--" VAR
                 | "+" E | "-" E | "(" type ")"
    E17  -> "(" E ")" | VAR "++" | VAR "--" | FUNCTION_CALL | PRIMARY
    ASSIGN_OP -> "=" | "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "%=" | ">>="
                     | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|=" | ".="
    PRIMARY -> a number | a string | VAR
    OR      -> "||" | "or"
    AND     -> "&&" | "and"
    NOT     -> "!"  | "not"
    EQ_OP   -> "==" | "!=" | "eq" | "ne"
    REL_OP  -> "<"  | "<=" | ">" | ">=" | "lt" | "le" | "gt" | "ge"
    VAR     -> a variable reference
    FUNCTION_CALL -> FUNCTION_NAME "(" ARG_LIST ")"
    ARG_LIST -> EMPTY | E2 | ARG_LIST "," E2
    EMPTY    ->

Keywords and function names are case sensitive.

The production VAR ASSIGN_OP E in the grammar refers to assignment of the evaluation of E to a variable using the given assignment operator (ASSIGN_OP). For example,

    ${a} += 17

Provided ${a} has been initialized to an integer value, this expression increments it by 17.

The production IF_ELSEIF_ELSE represents a familiar if statement with zero or more elseif components and an optional else component:

    if (expression) {
      sequence
    }
    [elseif (expression) {
      sequence
    }] ...
    [else {
      sequence
    }]

Each block is an optional sequence of statements. Braces are mandatory.

    Tip

    An if_elseif_else statement has a value: it is either that of the last statement executed in the selected block, or the empty string if no statement is executed. In this example, ${a} is set to either 33 or ${b} - 1, depending on whether ${b} is greater than eight:

        ${a} = if (${b} > 8) {${b}++; 33;} else {${b} - 1}

    Here are additional examples:

        > "hello, " . (if (0) {b . y . e} else {"world"})
        "hello, world"
        > encode(hex, if (1 ge 1) { "hi" } else {"bye"})
        "6869"

    Note

    As in C, function calls, nested assignment operators, and increment and decrement operators cause side effects where the value of a variable is changed during expression evaluation. Because exactly when such side effects take place is left unspecified, programmers should avoid writing code with these kinds of dependencies on evaluation ordering.

  Operators

The operators that appear in the grammar have the following semantics. They are listed in order of increasing precedence (which is very close to ISO C's), with operators in the same section having equal precedence. The result of applying an operator is one of the supported data types[21], or an error. Parentheses can be applied to subexpressions in the usual way.

Whenever it makes sense, intermediate values are automatically converted to an appropriate type by an operator. So, for example, adding an integer and a real will cause the integer to automatically be converted to a real, yielding a real value. Adding a string and a number will work only if the string can be successfully converted to a number. In situations where an integer is required, a real value (including a string that represents a valid real number) will be truncated to an integer. For logical comparison operators, the operands will both be converted to integers, reals, or strings as necessary. A string value that is an illegal number will always be treated as a string.

    Note

    In the examples that follow, the '>' character at the beginning of an input line is a prompt from dacsexpr(1)[1].

,
    This is the C/C++ comma operator. A pair of expressions separated by a comma is evaluated left to right, and the type and value of the result are the type and value of the right operand.

=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=, .=
    Assignment is done using a simple or compound assignment operator, each of which has right to left associativity. In the case of a compound assignment operator, the left hand side is evaluated only once. The type and value of an assignment is that of its right hand side. A variable reference is expected on the left side of the operator. Modifier flags are not permitted. The variable, which is created if it does not exist. The syntax of the variable reference includes the initial "${" and terminating "}" character (so it's similar to Perl's syntax).

        > ${foo::bar} = "hello"
        "hello"
        > ${foo::bar} .= ", world"
        "hello, world"
        > ${a} = [1, 2]
        [1,2]
        > ${a} .= [3, 4]
        [1,2,3,4]

?:
    This is equivalent to the C/C++ conditional expression, which has right to left associativity. If the first expression is True, the result is the value of the second expression (the third is not evaluated). If the first expression is False, the result is the value of the third expression (the second is not evaluated).

or, ||
    This is the C/C++ logical OR operator, which yields 1 (True) if either operand is True, otherwise it yields 0 (False). Evaluation is from left to right and and stops as soon as the truth or falsehood of the result is known. The two tokens are synonymous.

and, &&
    This is the C/C++ logical AND operator, which yields 1 (True) if both operands are True, otherwise it yields 0 (False). Evaluation is from left to right and and stops as soon as the truth or falsehood of the result is known. The two tokens are synonymous.

        Note
        When expressions are parsed as XML attribute values, an '&' character must be encoded as the five characters '&amp;'.

|
    This is the C/C++ bitwise inclusive OR operator. Both operands must be integers.

^
    This is the C/C++ bitwise exclusive OR operator. Both operands must be integers.

&
    This is the C/C++ bitwise AND operator. Both operands must be integers.

        Note
        When expressions are parsed as XML attribute values, an '&' character must be encoded as the five characters '&amp;'.

==, !=, eq, ne, eq:i, ne:i
    These operators compare their arguments and return 1 if the relation is true, 0 otherwise. If both arguments are lists, corresponding elements of both lists are compared, recursively. If both arguments are alists, the number of pairs in both lists is compared and, if necessary, pairs in the first list are looked up in the second list for matching values (note that the case-insensitive variant applies only to the value component of a pair, not the key component). For other valid arguments an attempt is first made to coerce both arguments to numbers and do a numeric comparison. If that fails, a lexicographic comparison is performed. Operators having a :i modifier are like their counterparts without the modifier except they do case-insensitive string comparisons.

    If either argument is of type bstring, however, the comparison is done differently than explained above. Two bstring arguments are equal if and only if they are byte-wise identical. If one argument is a bstring and the other is a string, the latter is treated as a bstring of length(string) bytes. The case flag is ignored if at least one argument is a bstring.

<, <=, >, >=, lt, le, lt:i, le:i, gt, ge, gt:i, ge:i
    These operators compare their arguments and return 1 if the relation is true, 0 otherwise. An attempt is first made to coerce both arguments to numbers and do a numeric comparison. If that fails, a lexicographic comparison is performed. Operators having a :i modifier are like their counterparts without the modifier except they do a case-insensitive comparison.

        Note
        When expressions are parsed as XML attribute values, the '<' character must be encoded as the four characters '&lt;'; the same applies to the "greater than" symbol.

    The symbolic and alphabetic versions of the relational operators are semantically identical. So >= and ge mean exactly the same thing. The latter form may sometimes be more convenient.

    If either argument is of type bstring the comparison is done differently than explained above. If two bstring arguments are compared, the shorter bstring is "less than" the other argument and they are equal if and only if they are byte-wise identical. If one argument is a bstring and the other is a string, the latter is treated as a bstring of length(string) bytes. The case flag is ignored if at least one argument is a bstring.

.
    The "dot" operator (not in ISO C) concatenates its right operand to its left operand. If both arguments are of type bstring, the result is also of type bstring. If the left operand is a list and the right operand is a basic data type, the right operand is appended to the list. If the left operand is a list and the right operand is also a list, the elements of the right operand are appended to the left operand. A list may not appear as the right operand if the left operand is not a list. In all other cases, both arguments are coerced to string (an error occurs if this cannot be done) before the left operand is appended to the right.

        > "hello" . ", world"
        "hello, world"
        > "hello" . (16 + 1)
        "hello17"
        > 17 . (16 + 1)
        "1717"
        > [1, 2, 3] . 4
        [1,2,3,4]
        > [1, 2, 3] . [4, 5, 6]
        [1,2,3,4,5,6]
        > [1, 2, 3] . [[4]]
        [1,2,3,[4]]

        Note
        A period will be recognized as a decimal point in a real number context rather than as the dot operator, so the input:

            4.5

        will be scanned as a number whereas, for example, the input:

            "4".5

        will evaluate to the string "45".

<<, >>
    These are the C/C++ bitwise left shift and right shift operators, respectively. The first operand may be an integer or a list, the second operand must be an integer. When shifting an integer, these operators are implemented using the corresponding C/C++ operators. In the case of right shifting, the behaviour with respect to arithmetic vs. logical shifts will be platform dependent.

+, -
    These are the (binary) addition and subtraction operators, respectively. Both arguments are coerced to numbers. An error occurs if this cannot be done. Also, unary + and - operators may precede an arithmetic-valued expression.

*, /, %
    These are the multiplication, division, and remainder operators, respectively. Both arguments are coerced to numbers. An error occurs if this cannot be done, such as attempting to divide by zero. For the remainder operator, both operands must be integers.

**
    This is the exponentiation operator (not in ISO C). Both arguments are coerced to numbers (either both integers or both reals). An error occurs if this cannot be done, such as attempting to raise to a negative power.

        > 2**10
        1024

+, -, not, !, ~, ++VAR, --VAR, (type)
    The + and - operators are the (unary) arithmetic plus and minus operators, respectively. These may precede an arithmetic-valued expression. Both arguments are coerced to numbers. An error occurs if this cannot be done.

    The logical NOT operator (not, or equivalently, !) yields a result of zero when applied to a non-zero numeric value and non-zero when applied to an operand of zero. The result of applying this operator to a non-empty string is zero and it is non-zero when applied to an empty string string. These two tokens are synonymous.

    The ~ operator is the one's complement (bitwise not) unary operator.

    The ++VAR and --VAR operators are the prefix increment and decrement operators, respectively. These operators are followed by a variable reference. The variable must have an integer value.

        > ${foo} = 17, ++${foo}
        18

    An explicit type conversion can be forced by using a cast. The syntax for this type coercion is:

        (type) expression

    The type must be a recognized data type name: integer or int (for an integer), real or double (for a real), bool (for a boolean value as a long integer), string (for a character string), bstring or binary (for a binary string), list, alist, or void.

    A list can be cast to an alist, provided it has no elements or an even number of elements and if no key would appear more than once in the alist. A namespace can be cast to an alist; the operand specifies the namespace, either as a literal or a string. An alist can be cast to an list; the ordering of the pairs in the resulting list is unspecified. A void type can only be cast to void, which is a no-op. Here are some examples:

        > (int) 3.4
        3
        > (int) "3.6"
        3
        > (bool) 17
        1
        > (bool) ""
        0
        > (string) (4 * 3)
        "12"
        > ${x} = "17"; (int) ((real) ${x} + (bool) 1965)
        18
        > (bstring) "abc"
        "abc"
        > (bstring) 4.4
        "4.400000"
        > (bstring) "\0\1\2"
        ""
        > bstring("\0\1\2",3) . bstring("\3\4", 3)
        "0001020304"
        > (void) ($b=$x)
        >
        > (alist) [a, 1, "b", 2, 3, 3]
        {"a", 1, "b", 2, "3", 3}
        > (list) { red, first, blue, second, white, third }
        ["blue", "second", "white", "third", "red", "first"]
        > $env = (alist) Env; $env["HOME"]
        "/home/bobo"
        > $env{HOME}
        {"HOME","/home/bobo"}

VAR++, VAR--, primary
    The VAR++ and VAR-- operators are the postfix increment and decrement operators, respectively. These operators are preceded by a variable reference. The variable must have an integer value.

    A primary is a basic data type[21] (i.e., an integer or real number, string, bareword, or binary string), or a variable reference[22].

  Functions

A function call is written as a function name, optionally followed by whitespace, a left parenthesis, zero or more comma-separated arguments, and a right parenthesis. A function name begins with either an alphabetic character or an underscore, followed by any number of alphanumerics and underscores. Additionally, a pair of colons may appear exactly once within the name (except at the beginning or end of the name). The number of arguments and their expected types depends on the particular function being called. The order in which the arguments to a function are evaluated is undefined. There is no mechanism for creating user-defined functions yet (they will eventually be available on some platforms through dynamically linked libraries).

The result of a function call is one of the supported data types[21], or an error. An invalid function call, including those that fail during execution, yields a False result.

Function Index:

    • ack: notice acknowledgement processing

    • alist: create an alist

    • alistref: create an alist reference

    • argon2: memory-hard password hash function

    • bstring: convert a string to binary

    • contains_any: count elements common to two lists

    • counter: persistent integer counters

    • csv: comma-separated value parsing

    • dacs_admin: test if user is an administrator

    • dacs_approval: create or test a signed authorization

    • dacs_meta: get or update metadata

    • dacsauth: perform authentication tests

    • dacscheck: perform authorization tests

    • debug: control debugging output

    • decode: convert from a text representation

    • digest: cryptographic hash functions

    • encode: convert to a text representation

    • eval: evaluate a string

    • exec: execute a program

    • exit: terminate current evaluation

    • expand: variable interpolation

    • file: perform an operation on a file

    • file_group: test if user is associated with file's group

    • file_owner: test if user is associated with file's owner

    • from: test where the current request comes from

    • get: read the contents of a file or VFS object

    • hash: fast hashes

    • hkdf: HMAC-based extract-and-expand key derivation

    • hmac: secure keyed-hashes

    • http: invoke an HTTP request

    • index: search a string or list

    • info: information about namespaces and variables

    • keysof: extract keys from an alist

    • ldap: extract a component from an LDAP name

    • length: string length

    • list: create a list

    • listref: dereference a list

    • on_success: evaluate an expression if authentication or authorization succeeds

    • password: compute or check a password hash

    • pathname: filename-based string interpolation

    • pbkdf2: password-based key derivation

    • print: display a string

    • printf: display a formatted string

    • random: generate random values

    • readline: read one line from stdin

    • redirect: redirect user after access is denied

    • regmatch: string matching

    • regsub: string substitution

    • request_match: compare the current request to a URI

    • request_match_url_patterns: compare the current request to a list of url_patterns

    • return: terminate current evaluation

    • rule: recursive authorization checking

    • scrypt: memory-hard password-based derivation

    • setvar: manipulating collections of variables and parsing strings

    • sizeof: basic data type sizes

    • sleep: suspend execution temporarily

    • source: read and evaluate external expressions

    • sprintf: format a string

    • strchars: select characters from a string

    • strchop: delete characters from the end of a string

    • strclone: concatenate repeatedly

    • strftime: format the current date and time

    • strptime: parse a date and time

    • strrstr: locate the last instance of a substring

    • strstr: locate the first instance of a substring

    • strtolower: map uppercase to lowercase

    • strtoupper: map lowercase to uppercase

    • strtr: character transliteration

    • subset: test if one set is a subset of another

    • substr: extract a substring

    • syntax: perform a syntax check on a string

    • time: local time and date

    • transform: filter text through rule-based transformations

    • transform_config: set options for transform

    • trim: delete trailing characters

    • typeof: get or test data type

    • undef: an undefined value

    • user: test current user's identity

    • ustamp: generate a unique stamp

    • valuesof: extract values from an alist

    • var: operations on individual variables

    • vfs: perform a VFS operation

ack(notice-uri[, ...][, EXACT_MATCH | ALL_MATCH])
    This function is associated with notice acknowledgement processing. The function indicates that the current service request has one or more notices associated with it (identified by a sequence of notice-uri arguments), each one represented by a URI that will return the text of a notice that must be acknowledged by the user. Following the last URI is an optional mode argument. The EXACT_MATCH mode is the default mode and requires a single acknowledgement to address all of the specified notices. The ALL_MATCH argument specifies a less stringent matching mode and requires any set of acknowledgements to collectively address all of the specified notices. See dacs_notices(8)[23].

alist([key, value [, ...])
    This function is equivalent to the alist construction operator[24]. There must be an even number of arguments, or no arguments. If the first argument of each pair (the key) is not a string or literal, it will be converted to a string, if possible.

        alist(cars, 2, bikes, 5)

    is equivalent to the expression:

        {"cars", 2, "bikes", 5}

    And the call:

        alist(2, xx, [0, 1], yy)

    yields:

        {"2", xx, "[0,1]", yy}

alistref(list)
    This function creates a new list that is equivalent to that of the special "brace syntax" subscript used to dereference an alist. This is currently useful only in conjunction with listref()[25].

        listref({"a", 1, "b", 2, "c", 3}, alistref(["b"]))

    is equivalent to the expression:

        {"a", 1, "b", 2, "c", 3}{"b"}

    the value of which is:

        {"b", 2}

argon2(password, salt, secret, ad, outlen, t_cost, m_cost, lanes, threads[, alg])
    Compute the Argon2[26] memory-hard password hash function (a key derivation function), which uses Blake2 as its underlying hash function, on password, salt, secret, and ad (all binary strings, or converted as required), to produce a digest of outlen bytes, modified by parameters t_cost (the number of iterations), m_cost (the memory requirement, in KB), lanes (the amount of requested parallelism), and threads (the actual parallelism). By default, the argon2i variant is used. As an optional final argument, either of the strings "argon2i" or "argon2d" may appear to select the variant. The secret and ad ("associated data") arguments can be zero length strings.

    Argon2 was selected as the winner of the Password Hashing Competition[27] in 2015. For details, refer to draft-irtf-cfrg-argon2-03[28] and phc-winner-argon2[29].

        > argon2(
        bstring("\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1", 0),
        bstring("\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2\2", 0),
        bstring("\3\3\3\3\3\3\3\3",0),
        bstring("\4\4\4\4\4\4\4\4\4\4\4\4",0), 32, 3, 32, 4, 4)
        "c814d9d1dc7f37aa13f0d77f2494bda1c8de6b016dd388d29952a4c4672b6ce8"

bstring(string, length)
bstring(string)
    This function converts the first length characters of string (which may also be a bstring and which is converted to a string if necessary) into the binary type. The length argument may be less than the actual length of string. If length is zero or omitted, the actual length is computed. If length is greater than the actual length, the actual length is used. The implicit null character on the end of string is not considered part of it.

        > bstring("\0\1\2", 4)
        "000102"
        > bstring("\0\1\2", 2)
        "0001"

contains_any(format, test-set, target-set[, nocase])
    This function returns a count of the number of elements of test-set that appear in target-set at least once. Duplicate elements may appear in test-set and are considered to be distinct. The format indicates how to parse the set arguments. It can be the space, tab, or newline character, or any punctuation character. For both sets, it is currently interpreted as the character that separates elements. If the optional nocase literal argument is given, then set elements are compared case-insensitively. The greatest possible return value is the number of distinct elements in the third parameter.

        contains_any(",", ${Args::LAYERS:i}, "Nests,Secret_roads,Heritage")
        contains_any(",", "a,a,b,z", "a,a,a,b,b,b,a,z,z")

    The first expression returns 3 if every element in the third parameter appears at least once (case insensitive) in the second parameter, otherwise the value of the expression is 0. The second expression returns 4.

counter(op, vfs-ref, counter_name [,value])
    This function is used to manage persistent integer counters, which can be useful for a variety of purposes, such as counting the number of logins for a particular identity, limiting the number of logins, or restricting the number of times a resource can be accessed. Internally, counter values are integers[21].

    The first argument specifies an operation and is case-insensitive. The second argument identifies a filestore (typically a file or database). It must be an indexed filestore scheme, such as dacs-kwv-fs or dacs-db (see VFS[30]). The third argument is the name of the counter, which acts as a key. The meaning of the fourth argument depends on the operation, but if present it must be an integer.

        Note
        The current implementation has a limitation; a counter name (key) can be any printable string but cannot contain a space character. You can work around this limitation by encoding all keys every time they are used in a filestore operation.

        1. counter(set, vfs-ref, counter_name, new-value)

        This is used to create a new counter or reset an existing counter. The counter's value will be new-value, which must be an integer, and is the return value.

        2. counter(create, vfs-ref, counter_name, initial-value)

        This is used to create a new counter if it does not already exist. The new counter's value will be initial-value, which must be an integer. If the counter exists, its value will not be changed and is returned.

        3. counter(del[ete], vfs-ref, counter_name)

        This operation deletes an existing counter. The operation can be del or delete.

        4. counter(exists, vfs-ref, counter_name)

        This operation returns 1 if a counter exists, 0 otherwise.

        5. counter(get, vfs-ref, counter_name)

        This operation returns the current counter value.

        6. counter(inc|dec, vfs-ref, counter_name[, amount])

        This operation increments or decrements an existing counter by amount, which must be an integer. If amount is not given, 1 is used. The updated counter value is returned.

        7. counter(decdel, vfs-ref, counter_name[, amount])

        This operation decrements an existing counter by amount, which must be an integer. If amount is not given, 1 is used. If the resulting value is zero or negative, the counter is deleted and zero is returned. If the counter is not deleted, its updated value is returned.

        8. counter(list, vfs-ref)

        This operation returns a list of counters as a string, newline separated, each with its current value.

        Operations that set or change the counter value return the new value.

        For filestores that support locking, read-only operations obtain a shared lock while the other operations obtain an exclusive lock.

        It is an error to reference a counter that does not exist unless the operation is set or exists.

            Note
            To some extent, this function is a poor substitute for a more general Perl-like tie() function. Such a function is being considered.

            Modifications to counters are not atomic. Amongst other things, this means that a crash may cause counter updates to be lost.

        A counter would typically be created by running dacsexpr(1)[1]:

            % dacsexpr -e 'counter(set, "dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/counters/logins", "EXAMPLE::EX:bob", 1)'

        The counter's value might then be tested in the revocation list[31] or by an access control rule[32], for instance:

            counter(exists, "dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/counters/logins", ${DACS::IDENTITY})

        The counter might be conditionally updated using the on_success()[33] function, or the AUTH_SUCCESS[34] or ACS_SUCCESS[35] directives, using an expression like:

            counter(decdel, "dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/counters/logins", ${DACS::IDENTITY})

    csv(input, ifs [,startq, endq])
        EXPERIMENTAL. Return a list of fields in input, where each field is separated from the next by any character in ifs or terminated by a newline or the end of string. A backslash can be used to quote any character. A field may also include embedded ifs characters by quoting the entire field. Any character in the string startq that appears at the beginning of a field indicates the start of a quoted field; the character at the same index into endq indicates the end of the quoted field (they can be the same character). A quote character embedded within a field has no special meaning if it has not been used as the starting quote character in that field; it is an error if has been used as the starting quote character, it must be escaped. Following (RFC 4180[36], if double quotes are used as both the opening and closing quote characters, an embedded double quote can also be quoted by doubling it. An empty field or missing field is parsed as an empty string. Spaces preceding a field are ignored. When used as a separator character, unlike other separators, multiple consecutive spaces are always equivalent to a single space.

    dacs_admin()
        This predicate returns True if the user making a service request has any credentials that match any specified by the ADMIN_IDENTITY[37] configuration directive.

    dacs_approval(op[, ...])
        This function is used to create an approval stamp[38] or inspect or validate one.

        The following operations are available:

        dacs_approval(approval, dacs64-approval-message, namespace)
            This operation parses the dacs64-approval-message (the value of DACS_APPROVAL), setting variables in namespace, after first dacs64 decoding[39] the argument. If namespace exists, its contents are deleted. Variables set are: j (jurisdiction name), h (hash/digest name), s (stamp), u (URI), m (HTTP method), and i (user identity). See dacs_acs(8)[38]. The signature is not checked. The function returns True (1) if the approval message is syntactically correct, otherwise False (0).

        dacs_approval(check, dacs64-approval-message)
            The dacs64-approval-message is decoded and parsed, and the signature is validated. The function returns True (1) only if the signature is correct, otherwise False (0).

            In the current implementation, the signature can only be validated by the jurisdiction that signed the message. This deficiency will be addressed in a future release and a web service will also supply this functionality. Ideally, for maximum convenience, availability, efficiency, and simplicity, the recipient of an approval message should be able to validate it directly if it has the appropriate public key, invoke a web service at any jurisdiction in the federation if public keys are distributed and kept current, or at the jurisdiction that signed the message.

        dacs_approval(create, uri, method, ident, digest-name)
            Create and return a dacs64-approval-message (as described above and in dacs_acs(8)[38]), formed from the given arguments and signed by the current jurisdiction.

    dacs_meta(op[, ...])
        This function returns information associated with the current federation, current jurisdiction, or other jurisdictions in the current federation. See dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)[40] for additional information.

        The following operations are available:

        dacs_meta(federation, namespace)
            Return metadata for the current federation, setting variables in namespace. If namespace exists, its contents are deleted. Variables set are: federation, domain, fed_id (if available), and fed_public_key (if available, in PEM format).

        dacs_meta(jname, jurisdiction-name, namespace)
            Return metadata for the jurisdiction named jurisdiction-name in the current federation. If namespace exists, its contents are deleted. Variables set are: jname, name, alt_name, dacs_url, authenticates, prompts, auxiliary (if available), and public_key (if available, in PEM format).

        dacs_meta(jurisdiction, namespace)
            This is equivalent to the jname operation with jurisdiction_name set to the name of the current jurisdiction.

        dacs_meta(list_jurisdictions)
            Return a newline-separated list of all jurisdiction names in the current federation. A local copy of the metadata is used.

        dacs_meta(update_jurisdiction, jname [,url])
            Not implemented. Intended to update the local metadata for the jurisdiction name jname. If url is absent, then the current jurisdiction must already have the correct dacs_url attribute in its entry for jname. If url is given, it is assumed to be the URL for dacs_list_jurisdictions and it is used instead of one formed from dacs_url for the jurisdiction.

        dacs_meta(update_jurisdictions, jname)
            Not implemented. Intended to update the local metadata for all of the jurisdictions. If jname looks like a URL (i.e., it begins with either "http" or "https", then it is assumed to be the URL for dacs_list_jurisdictions and it is used to obtain a fresh copy of the metadata; otherwise, jname is assumed to be a jurisdiction name for which the current jurisdiction already has a correct dacs_url attribute and metadata is retrieved from that jurisdiction.

    dacsauth(dacsauth-flags)
    dacsauth(arg1, arg2[, ...])
        This function provides an interface to dacsauth(1)[41]. In the first usage, the single string argument is parsed into space or tab separated flags. Single or double quotes are allowed. In the second usage, each flag is a separate string or literal argument and is not parsed.

        An alist is returned that has the following three elements:

        result
            An integer: 1 if authentication succeeded, 0 if it failed or was not requested, and -1 if an error occured.

        identity
            A string: if authentication was requested and succeeded, this is the corresponding identity, otherwise it is the empty string.

        roles
            A string: if roles were requested (and authentication succeeded, if requested), this is the role descriptor string, otherwise it is the empty string.

            Important
            This function should be considered experimental. Use it with caution. In version 1.4.25 and earlier, this function returned an integer value (the result).

            Security
            Like dacsauth and dacs_authenticate, if a built-in module is used to perform authentication, this function must be run by a setuid or setgid process to obtain sufficient privileges to access the required files; this is true for Unix password authentication, for example.

        Examples: .sp .if n .RS 4 . .fam C .ps -1 .nf .if t .sp -1 . .BB lightgray adjust-for-leading-newline .sp -1 > dacsauth("-m unix suff -user bobo -p apassword") {"result",0,"identity","","roles",""} > dacsauth("-m", "unix", "suff", "-user", "bobo", "-p", "bpassword") {"result",1,"identity","EXAMPLE::FEDROOT:bobo","roles",""} > dacsauth("-r unix -DVFS='[federation_keys]dacs-fs:/usr/local/dacs/federations/federation_keys' -u bobo") {"result",0,"identity","","roles","bobo,wheel,www,users"} .EB lightgray adjust-for-leading-newline .if t .sp 1 . .fi .fam .ps +1 .if n .RE . .sp

    dacscheck(dacscheck-flags)
    dacscheck(arg1, arg2[, ...])
        This function provides an interface to dacscheck(1)[42], returning 1 if access is granted, 0 if access is denied, and -1 if an error occurs. In the first usage, the single string argument is parsed into space or tab separated flags. Single or double quotes are allowed. In the second usage, each flag is a separate string or literal argument and is not parsed.

            Important
            This function should be considered experimental. Use it with caution.

    debug(type, value)
        This function enables, disables, or adjusts the amount of debugging output produced by the interpreter. Output type type is set to value, which may be "on", "off", or a non-negative integer level (the meaning of which depends on type.

        The following type names are recognized: TBD

    decode(encoding-type, string)
        This function performs the inverse of encode()[43] for the same encoding-type. The result is a bstring. The function will fail if its argument is not properly encoded.

        For the hex encoding type, alphabetic characters may be upper case or lower case.

    digest(msg, msg-len [, digest-name])
    digest(msg, msg-len, "SHA-512/t", t)
    digest(msg, msg-len, "Blake2" [, hlen [, key, key-len]])
        This function computes a cryptographic hash[44] of msg (a string or bstring). The msg-len is the length of msg in bytes; if it is 0, its length is implicitly the entire length of msg.

        The following digest algorithms (digest-name) are available:

        "md5"
            The 128-bit MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm[45]

        "SHA"
            The deprecated 160-bit SHA-0 algorithm (RFC 6194[46]).

        "SHA1"
            The 160-bit SHA-1 Secure Hash Algorithm (deprecated).

        "SHA224"
        "SHA256"
        "SHA384"
        "SHA512"
        "SHA512/224"
        "SHA512/256"
        "SHA512/t"
            The SHA-2 functions are as per FIPS 180-4[47], except that for "SHA512/t", the value of t, which is the size of the digest output in bits, is provided as an additional parameter that must be a multiple of 8. The t parameter must also be greater than 0, less than 512, and not equal to 384.

        "SHA3-224"
        "SHA3-256"
        "SHA3-384"
        "SHA3-512"
            The SHA-3 family of functions are implemented as per the FIPS PUB 202, August/2015[48] standard, except that the extendable-output functions SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 are not implemented. If the additional parameter, t, is present, it is the number of (initial) bits of msg to use and msg-len is ignored.

        "Blake2"
            The Blake2 cryptographic hash and message authentication code (see RFC 7693[49]) using the Blake2b flavour. By default, the maximum digest length of 64 bytes is produced. The optional fourth argument, hlen, specifies the digest length in bytes and must be between 1 and 64, inclusive. Optionally following the digest length, key and key length arguments may appear. If key-len is 0, the length is implicitly the entire length of key, which may not be 0 or greater than 64. This API does not currently support salt or personal bytes parameters, or the Blake2s flavour.

        SHA1 is used by default.

        The available digest functions are described by the "dacs --digests" command (see dacs(1)[50]) and listed by dacsversion(1)[51] and dacs_version(8)[52]. The available key derivation functions, such as pbkdf2()[53] and scrypt()[54], are also shown.

        The digest-name is matched against the names of available hash functions case-insensitively. Non-consecutive hyphens, underscores, and slashes may be used as equivalent separators in digest-name. A separator may be omitted if doing so would not join two digits. An initial or trailing separator is disallowed. For example, "Sha224" matches "SHA-224", "md-5" matches "md5", "sha/512" matches "SHA-512", "sha-512t" matches "SHA512/t", and "SHA_512_224" matches "SHA512/224", but "sha3224" is invalid for "sha3-224", as are "sha3--224" and "sha3-224_".

        The function value is a bstring and is always printed as a hex string.

        If cryptographic strength is not required, see hash()[55].

            > digest("foo", 0, "md5")
            "acbd18db4cc2f85cedef654fccc4a4d8"
            > digest("Hello, world", 0, "SHA256")
            "4ae7c3b6ac0beff671efa8cf57386151c06e58ca53a78d83f36107316cec125f"
            > digest("abc", 0, "sha512/t", 72)
            "644d768d5298864595"
            > digest("\x0c", 0, "SHA3-384",7)
            "b5a8cb0bf073b6b68d95cd33f5b09289670120bb931fc838b830d2592268b9e145a09088172b96eafb0093ef9a85df08"
            > substr(encode(hex, digest("one two three", 0, blake2, 64, "my secret", 0)), 1, 64)
            "fc182724dc024b95f62e606859ac806e4edca09a927f6bc8bccd07dade3e4f26"

    encode(encoding-type, arg)
        This function converts arg, a string or bstring, into a printable text representation that depends on encoding-type. Applying decode()[56] with the same encoding-type to the output of this function will produce a value equivalent to the original arg. The result is a string.

        Note that encoding is only a representational or formatting change. If secrecy, authentication, or verification of integrity are required, use a cryptographic method.

        The following encoding types are recognized:

        encode(ascii85, arg)
            This encoding, also known as radix-85[57], uses nearly every printable character to obtain a compact encoding. But note that the resulting strings may be problematic in many contexts without additional encoding, which can largely defeat the reason for selecting this encoding in the first place. The start-of-data ("<~") and end-of-data ("~>") indicators that are sometimes used with this encoding are not included.

                > encode(ascii85, decode(hex, "123456789a"))
                "&i<X6RK"

        encode(base32, arg)
            This encoding converts its argument into a base-32 representation, as described in RFC 4648[58]. Although upper case characters are produced when encoding, decoding is case-insensitive.

                > encode(base32, "Auggie")
                "IF2WOZ3JMU======"
                > decode(base32,"IF2WOZ3JMU======")
                "Auggie"

        encode(cescape, arg)
            This encoding converts its argument into a C-style escaped string. Character escape codes are used when possible, numeric escape codes are used for other non-printable characters, and all other characters map to themselves.

                > encode(cescape, bstring("hi\0\1\2\3\012", 7))
                "hi\0\001\002\003\n"

        encode(dacs64, arg)
            This encoding type produces a base-64 encoding of arg using upper- and lower-case alphabetics, digits, '-', and '_'. It is similar to the mime encoding except that '-' and '_' are used in the encoding character set instead of '+' and '/'. This encoding is better suited for use in paths and URIs, for example, and is used extensively within DACS. It is sometimes referred to as "the dacs64 encoding" or just "dacs64" in the DACS documentation.

                > encode(dacs64, bstring("\0\0\0\1", 4))
                "_____-"

        encode(hex, arg)
            This encoding converts each byte in arg into a hexadecimal character pair.

                > encode(hex, "Hello")
                "48656c6c6f"

        encode(mime, arg)
            This encoding applies the MIME base-64 encoding function (RFC 2045[59], Section 6.8) to its argument and returns the result.

                > encode(mime, bstring("\0\0\0\1", 4))
                "AAAAAQ=="

        encode(percent, arg)
            All characters are percent-encoded like they would be for the hex encoding type.

                > encode(percent, "Hello, world.%")
                "%48%65%6C%6C%6F%2C%20%77%6F%72%6C%64%2E%25"

        encode(url, arg)
            This returns the URL-encoding of the argument (RFC 1738[60], RFC 2396[61] (Section 2.4), and RFC 3986[62]).

                > encode(url, bstring("a\0b", 3))
                "a%00b"

    eval(expression)
        This function evaluates its string argument and returns the result.

        The call:

            > eval("length(\"abc\")")
            3

    exec(prog, ...)
        The exec function executes prog, waits (indefinitely) for it to terminate, and returns the program's standard output. A trailing newline in the output is deleted. Optionally, command line arguments to prog may be given; they are automatically converted to strings. By default, no environment variables are passed to the program; if the namespace ExecEnv exists, however, its contents are used as the executed program's environment variables. The exit status of prog is made available as the value of ${DACS::status}. The program is executed using the execv(3)[63] function, not a command shell.

        On POSIX systems, this call returns the string "1\n" on Thursdays, "0\n" on any other day:

            > exec("/bin/sh", "-c", "date | grep -c ^Thu")
            "0"

            > ${ExecEnv::PATH} = "/usr/bin";
            "/usr/bin"
            > exec("/bin/sh", "-c", "printenv");
            "PATH=/usr/bin"

            Security
            The program is executed as the same user and group IDs as the DACS program that calls exec(). Take appropriate precautions to prevent unauthorized users from modifying or replacing DACS configuration files, access control rules, and so on.

    exit(result)
        Equivalent to return, this function causes evaluation of the expression, block, or program being evaluated to terminate and returns result as the value of the expression or the program's exit status.

    expand(string)
        The argument, a string, is returned with variable references expanded. An undefined variable expands to the empty string.

            > ${a} = 17
            17
            > "${a}"
            "17"
            > '${a}'
            "${a}"
            > expand('${a}')
            "17"
            > ${b} = 1999, ${c} = expand('${a}, \${b}')
            "17, ${b}"
            > expand(${c})
            "17, 1999"

    file(op [,arg-list])
        This function performs various operations on files and filenames according to op, which is one of the following operation names, followed by command-specific arguments. All arguments must either be strings or literal words.

            1. file(basename, string [,suffix])

            This is used to extract the last component of a pathname and is equivalent to the basename(1)[64] command. It deletes any prefix that ends with the last slash character in string, after first stripping trailing slashes, and a suffix, if present. The suffix is not stripped, however, if it is identical to the remaining characters in string. A non-existent suffix is ignored. The value is the resulting string.

                > file(basename,"/a/b/c")
                "c"
                > file(basename,"/a/b/c.c")
                "c.c"
                > file(basename,"/a/b/c.c", ".c")
                "c"
                > file(basename,"/a/b/c.c", "c")
                "c."
                > file(basename,"/a/b/c.c", "c.c")
                "c.c"
                > file(basename,"/a/b/c.c//", "c.c")
                "c.c"

            2. file(chmod, abs-mode, file)

            Change the mode of file to abs-mode, which is an absolute (octal) file mode (note, however, that DACS always set the process umask to 07).

                file(chmod, "0755", "/usr/local/dacs/tmp/foofile")

            3. file(dirname, string)

            Equivalent to the dirname(1)[65] command, its value is the string that remains after deleting the filename portion of string (a pathname), beginning with the last slash character to the end of string, after first stripping trailing slashes.

                > file(dirname,"/usr/local/dacs/bin/dacsexpr")
                "/usr/local/dacs/bin"
                > file(dirname,"/usr/local/dacs///")
                "/usr/local"

            4. file(extension, pathname)

            The returned value is all of the characters in pathname after and including the last dot in the last element. If there is no dot in the last element of pathname, the value is the empty string.

                > file(extension,"acl-myapp.0")
                ".0"

            5. file(lstat, fmt, file)

            This is like the stat[66] operation, except in the case where the named file is a symbolic link, in which case lstat returns information about the link, while stat returns information about the file the link references.

            6. file(mkdir, directory [,abs-mode])

            Create directory. If an absolute (octal) mode is given, the new directory will have that mode (note, however, that DACS always set the process umask to 07).

            7. file(readlink, file)

            If file is a symbolic link, print its contents.

            8. file(remove, file)

            Remove (delete) file.

            9. file(rename, source-file, target-file)

            Rename (mv) source-file to target-file.

            10. file(rmdir, directory)

            Remove (delete) directory, which must be empty.

            11. file(stat, fmt, file)

            Similar to the stat(1)[67] command available on some systems, this makes the functionality of the stat(2)[68] system call available. The fmt argument is a printf(3)[69]-type descriptor that indicates what file status information is wanted and how it is to be printed. Non-formatting characters, including \n, \t, and \\, are copied to the output verbatim.

            The following format specifiers are understood:

                • %d

                The value of st_dev.

                • %i

                The value of st_ino.

                • %m

                The value of st_mode in octal.

                • %M

                The value of st_mode as text.

                • %l

                The value of st_nlink.

                • %u

                The value of st_uid in decimal.

                • %U

                The value of st_uid as text.

                • %g

                The value of st_gid in decimal.

                • %G

                The value of st_gid as text.

                • %r

                The value of st_rdev.

                • %s

                The value of st_size.

                • %b

                The value of st_blksize.

                • %n

                The value of the file argument.

                • %N

                If the argument is a symbolic link, print the contents of the link, otherwise print the file argument.

                • %ta

                The value of st_atime in decimal.

                • %tA

                The value of st_atime as text.

                • %tm

                The value of st_mtime in decimal.

                • %tM

                The value of st_mtime as text.

                • %tc

                The value of st_ctime in decimal.

                • %tC

                The value of st_ctime as text.

                • %f

                The name of the host (fileserver) where the file is stored.

                • %%

                A literal '%' character.

                This excerpt from an access control rule limits access to authenticated users for every file greater than 999 bytes in length that it DACS-wraps:

                    <allow>
                      user("auth")
                    </allow>
                    <allow>
                      user("any") and file(stat, "%s", ${DACS::FILENAME}) lt 1000
                    </allow>

                12. file(test, op [, args])

                Most of the file-testing predicates of the test(1)[70] command are available.

                    • -b file

                    True if file exists and is a block special file.

                    • -c file

                    True if file exists and is a character special file.

                    • -d file

                    True if file exists and is a directory.

                    • -e file

                    True if file exists, regardless of its type.

                    • -f file

                    True if file exists and is a regular file.

                    • -g file

                    True if file exists and its set group ID flag is set.

                    • -k file

                    True if file exists and its sticky bit is set.

                    • -p file

                    True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).

                    • -r file

                    True if file exists and is readable (access(file, R_OK) == 0).

                    • -s file

                    True if file exists and has a size greater than zero bytes.

                    • -u file

                    True if file exists and its set user ID flag is set.

                    • -w file

                    True if file exists and is writable (access(file, W_OK) == 0).

                    • -x file

                    True if file exists and is executable (access(file, X_OK) == 0).

                    • -L file

                    True if file exists and is a symbolic link.

                    • -O file

                    True if file exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process.

                    • -G file

                    True if file exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.

                    • -S file

                    True if file exists and is a socket.

                    • -nt file1 file2

                    True if file1 and file2 exist and the former is newer than the latter.

                    • -ot file1 file2

                    True if file1 and file2 exist and the former is older than the latter.

                    • -ef file1 file2

                    True if file1 and file2 exist and refer to the same file.

                13. file(touch, file [, abs-mode])

                If file does not exist, it is created; if an absolute (octal) mode is given, the new file will have that mode (note, however, that DACS always set the process umask to 07). If the file exists, its modification time will be set to the current date and time.

            file_group([path])
                Test if path (defaults to ${DACS::FILENAME}, which is equivalent to Apache's SCRIPT_FILENAME or REQUEST_FILENAME variables) has a group ownership with which the user making the request is associated. This is effectively the same as:

                    file(test, "-e", ${DACS::FILENAME})
                    and
                    user("%" . ${Conf::JURISDICTION_NAME} . ":" \
                      . file(stat, "%G", ${DACS::FILENAME}))

                This predicate provides a simple way of limiting access to a file to its group membership with respect to file system permissions:

                    <allow>
                      file_group()
                    </allow>

                For example, if the user requesting access has been assigned the following roles by the current jurisdiction (e.g., through local_unix_roles):

                    wheel,www,users

                and the resource being requested is the file:

                    -rw-r--r--  1 bobo     www  75 Apr 11 12:41 htdocs/foo.html

                then this predicate would return True because the file has group ownership www and the user is associated with that role.

                There is an implicit assumption that the file in question is associated with the current jurisdiction; this might be problematic if more than one jurisdiction can claim this association.

            file_owner([path])
                Test if path (defaults to ${DACS::FILENAME}, which is equivalent to Apache's SCRIPT_FILENAME or REQUEST_FILENAME variables) is owned by the user making the request. This is effectively the same as:

                    file(test, "-e", ${DACS::FILENAME})
                    and
                    user(${Conf::JURISDICTION_NAME} . ":" . file(stat, "%U", ${DACS::FILENAME}))

                This predicate provides a simple way of limiting access to a file to its owner with respect to file system permissions:

                    <allow>
                      file_owner()
                    </allow>

                There is an implicit assumption that the file in question is associated with the current jurisdiction; this might be problematic if more than one jurisdiction can claim this association.

            from(string)
                This predicate is used to test where a request comes from, based on the values of REMOTE_ADDR and REMOTE_HOST. These environment variables are passed to DACS from Apache. The supported argument types are similar to those recognized by the Apache mod_authz_host[71] module's allow and deny directives. If either REMOTE_HOST or REMOTE_ADDR are needed to evaluate the argument but are not available, the result will be False.

                The string argument may be:

                    1. a full or partially matching domain name:

                        from("metalogic.example.com")

                    Here, the function yields True if the given domain name matches REMOTE_HOST or is a subdomain of REMOTE_HOST. Case-insensitive matching is performed (RFC 1035[72]). Only complete components are matched, so the above example will match foo.metalogic.example.com but not foonmetalogic.example.com. If REMOTE_ADDR is available but not REMOTE_HOST, a reverse DNS lookup will be performed on the domain name and all IP addresses that result will be tested against REMOTE_ADDR; if this lookup results in an error (i.e., it fails), then the function raises an error condition.

                    2. a full IPv4 address in standard dot notation:

                        from("10.0.0.123")

                    3. a partial IPv4 address (the first one, two, or three bytes) in standard dot notation:

                        from("10.0")

                    4. a network/netmask pair:

                        from("10.0.0.0/255.255.0.0")

                    5. a network/nnn pair using CIDR notation[73] (RFC 1338[74]):

                        from("10.0.0.0/8")

                    6. a full or partial IPv4 address in standard dot notation where any address element can be a decimal number (0 through 255) or a range specification[75], similar to that used with strchars()[16]; note that the range separator in this context is ":" instead of "..": :

                        from("10.0.[0:100,255]")

                    In the example above, the two high-order octets of ${DACS::REMOTE_ADDR} must be 10 and 0, the value of the next octet must be between 0 and 100 (inclusive) or be 255 (decimal), and the value of the fourth octet is unimportant. The following expressions are equivalent:

                        from("10")
                        from("10.")
                        from("[10]")
                        from("[10].")
                        from("10.0.0.0/8")
                        from("10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0")

                    7. "all" (always yields True and is included for compatibility with Apache):

                        from("all")
                    An alternative method is to perform a regular expression match against ${DACS::REMOTE_ADDR} using regmatch()[76].

                        Tip
                        To test where a client authenticated from, which is not necessarily the same as the place from which a request is sent, use the user()[77] function.

                get(vfs-ref [,key])
                    The file or item specified by vfs-ref, which may be followed by a key if it is an indexed filestore, is read and returned. The vfs-ref may be an absolute pathname, an item type, or a vfs_uri[30], except if called from a standalone application without a key argument, in which case vfs-ref may also be a relative pathname.

                        Note
                        A proper I/O subsystem does not exist yet, but until then you may use the special item type stdin to read the standard input until end of file. This function will probably not work if a special file is used (e.g., /dev/stdin).

                hash(msg, msg-len [,hash-name])
                    This function computes a fast hash of msg, a string or bstring. The msg-len is the length of msg in bytes; if it is 0, its length is computed. The hash-name can be the 32-bit hash "hash32" (the default) or the 64-bit hash "hash64". The result is a string. Although the algorithms have been used extensively with very good results, they should not be used for cryptographic purposes; see digest()[78].

                        > hash("Hello, world", 0)
                        "3696529580"
                        > hash("Hello, world", 0, hash64)
                        "462009511995194717"

                hkdf(input, salt, info, length, digest-name)
                    This function computes an HMAC-based key derivation function (HKDF) that takes initial keying material and derives from it a cryptographically strong secret key. For details, refer to RFC 5869[79] and Cryptographic Extraction and Key Derivation: The HKDF Scheme[80] (Hugo Krawczyk, Proceedings of CRYPTO 2010).

                    The input, salt, and info arguments are of type string or bstring (converted as required). Only input must not be zero length. A bstring of length bytes is returned. Any HMAC compatible[81] cryptographic hash function can be given as digest-name.

                        > hkdf(decode(hex, "0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b"), \
                            decode(hex, "000102030405060708090a0b0c"), \
                            decode(hex, "f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9"), 42, "sha-256")
                        "3cb25f25faacd57a90434f64d0362f2a2d2d0a90cf1a5a4c5db02d56ecc4c5bf34007208d5b887185865"
                        > hkdf("\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b", \
                           "","",42,"sha-1")
                        "0ac1af7002b3d761d1e55298da9d0506b9ae52057220a306e07b6b87e8df21d0ea00033de03984d34918"

                hmac(msg, msg-len, key, key-len [, digest-name])
                    This function computes a cryptographic message authentication code[82] - specifically, the Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)[83] - of msg (a string or bstring), using key (a string or bstring). The msg-len is the length of msg in bytes; if it is 0, its length is computed. Similarly, key-len is the length of key in bytes and if it is 0, its length is computed. The available digests are those listed by the "dacs --digests" command (see dacs(1)[50]) having the HMAC attribute. This includes the Secure Hash Standard functions[84], such as SHA-512. The digest-name is case insensitive; if absent, SHA-1 is used. The function value is a bstring.

                    Note that the function is not commutative. The key is the third argument, not the first. If you are not getting the expected value from this function, try exchanging the msg and key arguments.

                    Although the MD5 hash function is deprecated for some purposes, it is still considered adequate in some applications and is required by many older protocols that are still in widespread use.

                        > hmac("Sample #2", 0,
                          decode(hex, "303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f40414243"), 0)
                        "0922d3405faa3d194f82a45830737d5cc6c75d24"
                        > hmac(decode(hex, "4869205468657265"), 0, \
                            decode(hex, "0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b"), 0, "sha3-224")
                        "3b16546bbc7be2706a031dcafd56373d9884367641d8c59af3c860f7"

                http(url, [method [,arglist]])
                    This function sends an HTTP request to url, using a given method (GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, DELETE, or OPTIONS, case insensitively), and optionally passing parameters. If no method is given (and no arguments), GET is assumed. The value of the function is the message returned by the request. The url is in the usual syntax and must use either the http or https scheme (case insensitive). The argument list, if present, consists of some number of pairs, the first being the name of the parameter and the second the value of the parameter.

                    The first statement sends an HTTP request to example.com and sets the variable to the message body (if any) that is returned. The second statement makes a GET request to port 8443 of example.com over SSL/TLS, passing it two parameters, FOO=17 and FOO=2:

                        > ${x} = http("http://example.com")
                        > http("https://example.com:8443/cgi-bin/dacs_prenv.cgi", "GET", "FOO", 17,
                              "BAZ", 1+1)

                index(string, character-class [, nocase])
                index(list, search_operand [, nocase])
                    If the first argument is a string, this function returns the first position in string (counting from 1) where the first character in character-class was found, or 0. Case-sensitive character comparison is used unless the optional nocase literal argument is present.

                    If the first argument is a list, the position of element search_operand (counting from 1) in list is returned, or 0 if it is not found. During comparison, types are automatically converted as necessary. Case-sensitive character comparison is used unless the optional nocase literal argument is present.

                    Examples:

                        > index("abcdef", "abc")
                        1
                        > index("abcdef", "e")
                        5
                        > index("zzz", "abc")
                        0
                        > index([a, b, c, d, e], d)
                        4
                        > index(["hello", world, 2009, qUAKe], "quake", nocase)
                        4
                        > index([1.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.0, 6.6], "1")
                        1
                        > index(["apple", ["orange", "banana"], ["peach", "mango"]], "orange")
                        0
                        > index(["apple", ["orange", "banana"], ["peach", "mango"]], ["orange", "banana"])
                        2

                info(namespaces)
                info(namespace, namespace-name)
                    Return a string containing information about variables and namespaces. The first form returns a comma-separated list of known namespaces. The second form returns a list containing all variables in the given namespace and their values, one per line. This can be useful for debugging.

                    Examples:

                        info(namespaces)
                        info(namespace, "Conf")

                keysof(alist)
                    If its argument is a single pair, the pair's key is returned. If there is more than one pair in the argument, a list of keys is returned. To get the value component of a pair or set of pairs, use valuesof()[19].

                    Examples:

                        > keysof({red, 17})
                        "red"
                        > keysof({red, 17, blue, 100})
                        ["red", "blue"]

                ldap(dn_length, dn-string)
                ldap(dn_index, dn-string, nth)
                ldap(rdn_length, rdn-string)
                ldap(rdn_index, rdn-string, nth)
                ldap(rdn_attrtype, rdn-string [, nth])
                ldap(rdn_attrvalue, rdn-string [, nth])
                    The ldap function is used to extract components of LDAP names. Its first argument, a literal, determines the operation mode to be used and the semantics of the following arguments. Distinguished Name (DN) and Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) strings are as defined in RFC 2253[85].

                    The dn_length mode returns the number of RDN components in its DN argument; -1 is returned if the argument is not a valid DN. The dn_index mode returns the nth RDN component of the DN, where nth is an integer greater than zero. If nth is greater than the number of components, the last component is returned.

                    The rdn_length mode returns the number of AttributeTypeAndValue elements in its RDN argument; -1 is returned if the argument is not a valid RDN. The rdn_index mode returns the nth AttributeTypeAndValue component of the RDN, where nth is an integer greater than zero. If nth is greater than the number of components, the last component is returned.

                    The rdn_attrtype mode returns the AttributeType of the nth AttributeTypeAndValue component of the RDN, where nth is an integer greater than zero. If nth is missing, it is taken to be 1. If nth is greater than the number of components, the last component is selected. The rdn_attrvalue mode is similar except that it returns the AttributeValue.

                    The first and second expressions below return 2, the third expression returns Administrator:

                        ldap(dn_length, "dc=example,dc=com")
                        ldap(rdn_length, "foo=bar+bar=baz")
                        ldap(rdn_attrvalue, ldap(dn_index, \
                            "CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=example,DC=com", 1))

                length(string)
                length(bstring)
                length(list)
                length(alist)
                    This function returns the length, in characters, of string, the number of bytes in binary string bstring, the number of elements in list, or the number of pairs in alist.

                list([value [, ...])
                    This function is equivalent to the list construction operator[86].

                        list(1, 2, [hello, world], 5)

                    is equivalent to the expression:

                        [1, 2, [hello, world], 5]

                listref(list, list-ref [, ...])
                    This function provides an alternate syntax to the language's list/array notation. For example, the function call:

                        listref([1, 2, [3, 4], 5], 2, 1)

                    is equivalent to the expression:

                        [1, 2, [3, 4], 5][2][1]

                    Note that a list reference may follow a list-valued expression (e.g., a list constructor, a list-valued variable, a function that returns a list) this syntax is valid:

                        ($a . $b)[0]

                    The parentheses are necessary here because the subscript binds more tightly than the concatenation operator. This expression can also be written as:

                        listref($a . $b, 0)

                on_success(list-name [, expr])
                    The list-name argument must be either acs or auth (case insensitive) to select the post-authorization list or the post-authentication list, respectively. For the former case, if authorization is successful, the expr argument (a string) will be evaluated by dacs_acs immediately after any ACS_SUCCESS[35] directive, and just prior to program termination. These expressions are not evaluated if authorization is denied, an authorization processing error occurs, or a DACS_ACS argument prevents execution of the request. For the latter case, if authentication is successful, the expr argument (a string) will be evaluated by dacs_authenticate(8)[9] immediately after any AUTH_SUCCESS[34] directive, and just prior to program termination. These expressions are not evaluated if authentication fails or an authentication processing error occurs.

                    Once added to either list, an entry cannot be removed. The expressions are evaluated in the order in which on_success() was called. The values returned by the expressions are discarded and errors are ignored.

                    If no expr is given, the current list of expressions is returned, one per line, in order of evaluation. With an expression argument, it returns the number of expressions in the list after any addition.

                password(op [, op-args])
                    This function performs a variety of read-only operations on DACS accounts and their passwords. See dacspasswd(1)[87] and directives PASSWORD_DIGEST[88] and PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX[89] for additional information.

                    The following operations are available (the operation is specified by the first argument to the function):

                    password(check, given-password, password-digest [,alg-name])
                        With the check operation, the digest of given-password is computed (as computed by the hash operation) and compared to password-digest, which was previously generated by the hash operation of this function, retrieved by the getdigest operation, or obtained using dacspasswd. This algorithm is identical to the one used by local_passwd_authenticate[90] to validate passwords. If alg-name is given, it names the digest algorithm to use instead of the one specified within password-digest. If given-password is correct (i.e., the same passwords were used to generate the two digest values), True (1) is returned, otherwise False (0) is returned.

                    password(getdata, username [,vfs-ref])
                        The getdata operation returns the private data associated with the account for username. The result is a bstring. If there is no private data, the length of the result will be zero (the length of the empty string is one). If a vfs-ref is given, it identifies the virtual filestore to use, otherwise the item type passwds is used. It is an error if the account does not exist, so a test operation will often be performed first.

                    password(getdigest, username [,vfs-ref])
                        The getdigest operation is similar to getdata except that the digest string for the account is returned; this digest string can be used with the check operation.

                    password(hash, plain-password [,alg-name])
                        With the hash operation, a (new) digest of the string plain-password is returned as a printable string. The password hashing algorithm is identical to the one used by dacspasswd(1)[87]. If alg-name is given (see digest()[78]), it names the digest algorithm to use instead of the configured default.

                    password(list [, vfs-ref])
                        The list operation returns a list of account names, one per line. An empty string is returned if there are no accounts. If a vfs-ref is given, it identifies the virtual filestore to use, otherwise the item type passwds is used. To test if a password file exists, use vfs()[91].

                    password(syntax, password [,constraints])
                        The syntax operation tests if password satisfies the constraints argument, if provided, otherwise the value of the PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS[92] directive. The constraints are specified in the same syntax as the PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS directive. The function returns True (1) if the constraints are satisfied, otherwise False (0).

                    password(test, test-op, username [,vfs-ref])
                        The test operation applies test-op to the account entry for username in the virtual filestore vfs-ref (or item type passwds). It is an error if the password file does not exist or is unreadable. It returns True if the test is successful, otherwise the result is False. The recognized values of test-op are (case insensitively): data (to test if the account exists and has private data), disabled (to test if the account exists and is disabled), enabled (to test if the account exists and is enabled), or exists (to test if the account exists).

                    Examples:

                        > password(hash, "bobo")
                        "2|XYZZYxBhU/7VgJAt2lc.G|HL4RQ2vo0uNoXlXnv.GcY3Vlf9."
                        > password(check, "bobo", "2|XYZZYxBhU/7VgJAt2lc.G|HL4RQ2vo0uNoXlXnv.GcY3Vlf9.")
                        1

                pathname(path, hostname, port)
                    Perform string interpolation on path based on the other arguments. For details, please see dacs.conf(5)[93] (where hostname is SERVER_NAME).

                pbkdf2(password, salt, count, dklen [, digest-name])
                    Apply a pseudo-random function (by default, HMAC-SHA-1) to password and salt (both binary strings, or converted as required), modified by count iterations, returning a binary string of length dklen bytes (greater than zero). Optionally, digest-name can be provided (see digest()[78]). For details, please see RFC 2898[94] and RFC 3962[95].

                        > pbkdf2("password", "ATHENA.MIT.EDUraeburn", 1200, 32)
                        "5c08eb61fdf71e4e4ec3cf6ba1f5512ba7e52ddbc5e5142f708a31e2e62b1e13"
                        > pbkdf2("password", decode(hex,"1234567878563412"), 5, 16)
                        "d1daa78615f287e6a1c8b120d7062a49"
                        > pbkdf2("password", "salt", 4096, 20, "SHA256")
                        "c5e478d59288c841aa530db6845c4c8d962893a0"
                        > pbkdf2("1", "2", 1024, 32, "SHA512")
                        "a180451f4618df9515ab0be2c56ac3420287cb8fc015f78494c9394a62ef6e66"

                print(...)
                    Each argument is converted to a string, the strings are concatenated, a newline is appended, and the result is printed. The return type is void. If called from dacsexpr(1)[1], the string is printed to the standard output; otherwise, it is printed to the DACS log file (or stderr), which can be useful for debugging purposes. These log messages are associated with the user class (see the LOG_FILTER[96] directive).

                printf(fmt, ...)
                    This is a slightly scaled-down version of the printf(3)[69] library function. If called from dacsexpr(1)[1], the string is printed to the standard output; otherwise, it is printed to the DACS log file (or stderr), which can be useful for debugging purposes. These log messages are associated with the user class (see the LOG_FILTER[96] directive). This can be useful for debugging purposes. If necessary and possible, arguments are converted to the type requested by a formatting specification. The return type is void.

                random(bytes, nbytes)
                random(uint, lo, hi)
                random(string, nbytes [, spec])
                random(stringc, nbytes, spec)
                    The various forms of this function, distinguished by the first argument, return cryptographically strong pseudo-random values[97] in various formats. The starting point (seed value) for the pseudo-random sequence cannot be set, meaning that the sequence cannot be (intentionally) reproduced.

                    The bytes operation requests nbytes bytes of random material. The result is a bstring of that length.

                    The uint operation requests an unsigned random integer between lo and hi (both unsigned integers), inclusive. It is an error if lo is not greater than hi. The result is an (unsigned) integer.

                    The string operation requests nbytes of random material, returned as a hex-encoded string. If a spec argument is present, it uses the character specification syntax of strtr()[98] to indicate the characters that can be used to encode the result. Only printable characters, excluding the space, are allowed in the result, regardless of the spec argument. Example:

                        > random(string,12,"a-zA-Z0-9")
                        "LgROshy6SMMH"
                        > random(string,12,"a-z")
                        "kehhvwydhhbk"

                    The functionality of the stringc operation is identical to that of the three-argument instance of the string operation except that the sense of the spec argument is complemented to indicate those characters that may not be used in the encoding of the result.

                readline()
                    Read one line from /dev/stdin, strip any trailing newline character, and return the string. This function is experimental.

                redirect(error-code, target)
                redirect(target)
                    Permitted only within the context of an access control rule's deny clause, this function causes expression evaluation and rule processing to stop immediately, access to be denied, and the client to be redirected to target, a URL that may contain a query component. If the error-code is present, it must be an ACS error name or number (see the ACS_ERROR_HANDLER[99] directive), otherwise "BY_REDIRECT" is used.

                        Note
                        The URL must be properly escaped if it appears within an XML document, such as an access control rule; for example, if an ampersand occurs in the query component in a context where it must be escaped, it must appear as the five characters "&amp;".

                    The target string is expected to have one of the syntaxes of the document component of Apache's ErrorDocument directive[100]. In essence, this function causes an ACS_ERROR_HANDLER directive to be created and triggered. The function returns the target string, although because of the function's run time behaviour the value cannot be used.

                        Tip
                        One application of this function is to create a short link, which is a relatively concise URL that acts as an "alias" for another, usually much longer URL (here, the target). The short link is made public. It must be DACS-wrapped; the target does not need to be. Any attempt to access the short link is denied by its rule, but the rule uses the redirect() function, probably with BY_SIMPLE_REDIRECT as the error-code (see dacs.conf(5)[99]), to redirect the user agent to the target.

                        The following rule demonstrates how this can be done:

                            <acl_rule status="enabled">
                             <services>
                              <service url_pattern="/id/*"/>
                             </services>
                             <rule order="allow,deny">
                              <deny>
                                setvar(split, "X", ${Env::REQUEST_URI}, "/");
                                ${x} = var(get, X, ${X::#} - 1);
                                redirect(BY_SIMPLE_REDIRECT, "https://example.com/docs/${x}.html");
                              </deny>
                             </rule>
                            </acl_rule>

                        With this rule in place, a request like:

                            https://example.com/id/17795821

                        would result in a redirect to this target:

                            https://example.com/docs/17795821.html

                        The target URL can depend on contextual elements, and it is straightforward to do things like make the target URL depend on the time of day, identity of the user, and so on. The technique can also be used with Rlinks[101].

                        Because the rule associated with the short link can be changed at any time, this feature can be used to implement smart permalinks[102].

                        This mechanism can also be used to implement a linkback[103] method in which an action is triggered (such as a notification) when a link is invoked.

                regmatch(string, regex [, namespace] [, nocase])
                    This is a pattern matching function. The first two arguments are coerced to strings, with the second one taken to be the regular expression, with a "^" (the start-of-string anchor) implicitly prepended. The string argument is then matched against the regular expression, which may contain subexpressions enclosed between '(' and ')' (or '\(' and '\)'). If the match fails, the result is 0. If the match succeeds there are several possibilities:

                        • if there are no subexpressions in regex, the result is an integer that is the number of characters matched.

                        • if there is at least one subexpression in regex but no namespace (a string argument) is given, the result is the substring of string that was matched by the entire regular expression.

                        • if there is at least one subexpression in regex and a namespace argument is given, the result is an integer that is the number of characters matched by the entire regular expression. The value of the first matching subexpression is assigned to the variable named "1" in the namespace, the value of the second subexpression is assigned to a variable named "2" in the namespace, and so on up to the ninth subexpression. The variable named "0" in the namespace is assigned the substring of string that was matched by the entire regular expression. Following function evaluation in the context of ACL rule processing, namespace is accessible only within the predicate, allow, or deny element in which it appears.
                        If the optional nocase literal argument is given, then matching is done case-insensitively. Only one parenthesized pair can be used. IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") "extended" regular expressions are supported (regex(3)[104], re_format(7)[105]).

                        Examples:

                            > ${X} = "abfoo"
                            "abfoo"
                            > regmatch(${X}, ".*foo", nocase)
                            5
                            > regmatch("abcdefgzz", "(.*)g")
                            "abcdefg"
                            > regmatch("foo", "(bar)|(baz)|(foo)")
                            "foo"
                            > regmatch("abcdefgzz", "ab(.*)efg(.*)", "x")
                            9
                            > ${x::0}
                            "abcdefgzz"
                            > ${x::1}
                            "cd"
                            > ${x::2}
                            "zz"
                            > $addr = "192.168.7.3"
                            "192.168.7.3"
                            > regmatch($addr, "192\\.168\\.(.*)\\..*", "X")
                            11
                            > ${X::1}
                            "7"

                    regsub(string, regex, replacement [, nocase] [,repeat])
                        This function matches regex against string, like regmatch()[76] does, and returns the string that results when the substitution specified by replacement is applied to the matched text. This is similar to the ed/vi/sed command "s/regex/replacement/" applied to string. If no match is found, the empty string is returned.

                        The optional repeat literal argument causes the replacement to be applied to all matches; i.e., like the ed/vi/sed command "s/regex/replacement/g".

                        Examples:

                            > regsub("hello world", "world", "auggie")
                            "hello auggie"
                            > regsub("hello world", "auggie", "world")
                            ""
                            > regsub("hello", ".*", "& &")
                            "hello hello"
                            > regsub("one two three", "(.*) (.*) (.*)", "\${3} \${2} \${1}")
                            "three two one"
                            > regsub("one two three", "(.*) (.*) (.*)", '${3} ${2} ${1}')
                            "three two one"
                            > strtr(regsub("https://BOB.Example.com",
                                "\([^:]*\)://\([^.]*\)\\.\(.*\)", '${1}-${2}@${3}'),
                                  "A-Z", "a-z")
                            "https-bob@example.com"
                            > regsub("one, bone, cone, hone", "one", "two", repeat)
                            "two, btwo, ctwo, htwo"

                    request_match(uri-string)
                        This function is used to inspect the current request. The argument is either a valid URI or a path component that begins with a slash. In the latter case, the scheme and authority components of the current request are effectively prepended to the given path. The path component is like the url_pattern attribute used in access control rules[106] in that it can either specify an exact match or, by ending in "/*", a wildcard match. A query component is allowed but ignored. The function returns 0 if uri-string does not match the current request, otherwise it returns the number of path components of uri-string that match the current request. If the scheme and authority components are given in uri-string, they count as one naming component.

                        Assuming that the current request is http://example.com:18123/a/b/c, we get:

                            > request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b/c")
                            4
                            > request_match("https://example.com:18123/a/b/c")
                            0
                            > request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b/c/d")
                            0
                            > request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b")
                            0
                            > request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b/*")
                            4
                            > request_match("http://example.com:18123/*")
                            2
                            > request_match("http://example.com:18123")
                            0
                            > request_match("http://example.com")
                            0
                            > request_match("http://example.com/*")
                            2
                            > request_match("/*")
                            1
                            > request_match("/a/b/c")
                            3
                            > request_match("/a/b/*")
                            3
                            > request_match("/")
                            0

                    request_match_url_patterns(namespace)
                        The argument is a namespace.

                    return(result)
                        Equivalent to exit, this function causes evaluation of the expression to terminate and returns result as the value of the expression.

                    rule(object, ruleset_vfs)
                        The rule predicate is an interface to the DACS rule processing engine. It is used to test if the rule set ruleset_vfs authorizes object, much as dacscheck(1)[42] does. The object argument is the name to match against the services specified in access control rules and can either be a URI or an absolute pathname (one that begins with a slash character). It can have an optional query string component attached. An absolute pathname path is mapped internally to a URI as file://path; e.g., /myapp is interpreted as file:///myapp (see RFC 1738[60]).

                        One application of this predicate is for a rule associated with a program to check that the user requesting access is entitled to use a data file needed by the program.

                            Note
                            Only the path component of the URI is considered when DACS matches an object's name against the url_pattern of an access control rule. At present, the object name is not automatically canonicalized or resolved (see RFC 3986[62]), as is usually done by a web server, so relative path components such as "." and ".." should be avoided.

                        The ruleset_vfs is a URI in the syntax of the VFS[30] configuration directive.

                        The various components of the URI that names the object are available as DACS variables and environment variables (see below). If a query string is given, it is parsed and the individual arguments are made available to rules through the Args namespace, just as for DACS-wrapped web services.

                        Many variables normally set by a web server are instantiated based on the object name and the execution environment. These variables are available in the DACS namespace. For example, if the object name is https://example.com:8443/myapp/edit-menu?entry=item1, the following variables will be set as indicated:

                            ${DACS::HTTPS}=on
                            ${DACS::SERVER_NAME}=example.com
                            ${DACS::SERVER_ADDR}=142.179.101.118
                            ${DACS::HTTP_HOST}=example.com:8443
                            ${DACS::SERVER_PORT}=8443
                            ${DACS::REQUEST_URI}=/myapp/edit-menu
                            ${DACS::DOCUMENT_ROOT}=/
                            ${DACS::REQUEST_METHOD}=GET
                            ${DACS::SERVER_SOFTWARE}=dacsexpr-1.4.14
                            ${DACS::QUERY_STRING}=entry=item1
                            ${DACS::ARG_COUNT}=1
                            ${DACS::CURRENT_URI}=/myapp/edit-menu?entry=item1
                            ${DACS::CURRENT_URI_NO_QUERY}=/myapp/edit-menu

                        The value of ${Args::entry} will be item1. The request method is always GET. The variable ${DACS::REMOTE_USER} will be set if credentials are available in the execution environment.

                        For example, assuming that the file /usr/local/exams/acls/acl-exams.17 contains:

                            <acl_rule status="enabled">
                              <services>
                                <service url_pattern="/exam1.html"/>
                              </services>
                              <rule order="allow,deny">
                                <precondition><predicate>
                                  ${Args::user} eq "teacher"
                                </predicate></precondition>
                                <allow>
                                  time(hour) eq 17
                                </allow>
                              </rule>
                            </acl_rule>

                        The following call would only return True (1) any day between 5:00pm and 5:59pm:

                            rule("/exam1.html?user=teacher", "dacs-fs:/usr/local/exams/acls");

                            Note

                                • Since any rule can call the rule function, take care to avoid infinite recursion.

                                • Although this function is similar in concept to the dacscheck(1)[42] command, there are some significant differences, particularly with respect to the context available during rule evaluation.

                                • The Env namespace is not reinitialized or altered during evaluation of rules processed by rule. That is, the Env namespace is the same as the outer-most one.

                        scrypt(password, salt, N, r, p, dklen)
                            Compute the scrypt[107] memory-hard password-based key derivation function, which applies a pseudo-random function (HMAC-SHA-256) to password and salt (both binary strings, or converted as required), modified by CPU/memory cost N, block size r, and parallelization parameter p, returning a binary string of length dklen. The last four arguments are integers greater than zero. For details, refer to The scrypt key derivation function[108] and draft-josefsson-scrypt-kdf-03[109].

                                > scrypt("password", "NaCl", 1024, 8, 16, 32)
                                "fdbabe1c9d3472007856e7190d01e9fe7c6ad7cbc8237830e77376634b373162"

                        setvar(op, dst-namespace [, args ...])
                            This function, which performs various operations on namespaces, has several different syntaxes. The first argument always specifies the operation (case insensitively) and determines the meaning of the arguments that follow it. The second argument always specifies a namespace that is created or modified. If successful, the function returns the number of variables created (or replaced) in dst-namespace.

                            The dst-namespace cannot be a read-only namespace[110]. Unless otherwise specified, if dst-namespace exists, variables are added to it, with any existing variable assigned its new value.

                            The following operations are recognized:

                            setvar(authorization, dst-namespace, auth-str)
                                The auth-str argument, which is the value of an Authorization HTTP request header, is parsed into its component fields and assigned to variables in the destination namespace dst-namespace. If dst-namespace exists, its contents are deleted first. Corresponding to the field names used in RFC 2617[111] Section 3.2.2, the following variables are created: AUTH_SCHEME, USERNAME, PASSWORD, REALM, NONCE, DIGEST_URI, RESPONSE, ALGORITHM, CNONCE, OPAQUE, MESSAGE_QOP, NONCE_COUNT, and AUTH_PARAM. Any variable that corresponds to a non-existent field is assigned the empty string.

                                The following call sets ${Foo::AUTH_SCHEME} to Basic, ${Foo::USERNAME} to Bobo, and ${Foo::PASSWORD} to myPassWord.

                                    setvar(authorization, Foo, "Basic Qm9ibzpteVBhc3NXb3Jk")

                            setvar(copy, dst-namespace, src-namespace)
                                With the copy operation, all variables in an existing namespace src-namespace are copied to dst-namespace. If the latter exists, its contents are deleted, otherwise the namespace is created.

                            setvar(delete, dst-namespace)
                                The delete operation is used to delete dst-namespace and its contents.

                            setvar(kwv, dst-namespace, assign-char, sep-chars, string)
                                For the kwv operation, string is parsed, creating (or replacing) variables in dst-namespace. The string consists of zero or more keyword/value pairs. The keyword, which is used as the variable name, is separated by the value by the character assign-char. A keyword/value pair is separated from the next by any character that appears in sep-chars. Here is an example:

                                    setvar(kwv, "Foo", "=", ", ", "a=b, c=d, e=f")

                                The value of this call is 3 and it sets ${Foo::a} to "b", ${Foo::c} to "d", and ${Foo::e} to "f".

                            setvar(load, dst-namespace, filename)
                            setvar(load, dst-namespace, item_type, key)
                            setvar(load, dst-namespace, vfs-ref, key)
                                Deprecated. Use the vfs()[91] function with the load operator instead.

                                The load operator reads the contents of an object that consists of newline-separated text. The first line is assigned the name "0" in dst-namespace, the second "1", and so on. The object can be specified using a filename, as an item_type, or using a vfs-ref (see vfs()[91]),

                            setvar(loadi, dst-namespace, vfs-ref)
                                Each item in the indexed text object specified by vfs-ref (an absolute pathname, an item type, or a VFS URI[30]) is copied to dst-namespace, with the same index. The index must be a valid variable-name.

                                    > setvar(loadi, PASSWD, "dacs-kwv-fs:/etc/passwd")
                                    23
                                    > ${PASSWD::root}
                                    "*:0:0:Charlie &amp;:/root:/bin/csh"
                                    > ${PASSWD::bobo}
                                    "bobo:*:1001:1001:Bobo &amp;:/home/bobo:/bin/tcsh"

                                Here, 23 items are copied into the PASSWD namespace (the first two lines in this particular /etc/passwd are ignored because they are comments that are not recognized as items). The lines indexed by the keys root and bobo are printed.

                            setvar(merge, dst-namespace, src-namespace)
                                The merge operation is similar to copy[112] except that if dst-namespace exists its contents are not deleted.

                            setvar(post, dst-namespace [, content-type, string])
                                Like query[113], this operation parses its input into arguments in dst-namespace. The function reads its standard input, unless a string argument is given. The input is expected to be a correctly formatted application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data content type. If the standard input is read, both the CONTENT_TYPE and CONTENT_LENGTH environment variables must be set (as they are when Apache runs a script that is passed an entity-body).

                                The form that takes string is not yet implemented.

                            setvar(query, dst-namespace, query-string)
                                For the query operation, query-string is parsed, creating variables in dst-namespace. This uses the same parsing algorithm employed by cgiparse(8)[114]. In the case of a malformed query string, like "a&b", variables will be created but will have the empty string as their value. If successful, the function returns the number of variables created. The following call returns 3 and sets ${Foo::a} to "b", ${Foo::c} to "d", and ${Foo::e} to "f":

                                    setvar(query, "Foo", "a=b&c=d&e=f")

                                One application of this function it to distinguish query arguments (which are part of the requested resource's URI and made available through the environment variable QUERY_STRING) from arguments supplied in the body of a POST method (or other such method). For example:

                                    setvar(query, "Qargs", "${Env::QUERY_STRING}")
                                    if (${Qargs::foo:e}) {
                                        /* "foo" is a query argument */
                                    }
                                    else {
                                        /* "foo" is not a query argument */
                                    }
                                    if (${Args::foo:e} and not ${Qargs::foo:e}) {
                                        /* "foo" is a POST argument */
                                    }
                                    else {
                                        /* "foo" is not a POST argument */
                                    }

                            setvar(regsplit, dst-namespace, string, delimiter-regex [,limit])
                                The regsplit operation is similar to split[115] except that substrings are separated by the regular expression delimiter-regex. IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") "extended" regular expressions are used (regex(3)[104]).

                            setvar(rename, dst-namespace, src-namespace)
                                The rename operation deletes dst-namespace, if it exists, and changes the name of src-namespace to dst-namespace. The two namespace arguments must be different.

                            setvar(split, dst-namespace, string, delimiter [,limit [,dflag]])
                                The split operation extracts substrings from string. Substrings are separated by the string delimiter. For example, this call separates a composite role string into individual basic roles:

                                    setvar(split, "ROLES", ${DACS::ROLES}, ",")

                                If the variable reference ${DACS::ROLES} has the value "root,wheel,www,users", then the example would return 4 and set ${ROLES::0} to "root", ${ROLES::1} to "wheel", and so on.

                                If a limit is given, it is an integer that specifies the maximum number of substrings to extract. Once the maximum has been reached, the remainder of string that has not been split will be assigned to the last element. A limit of zero is equivalent to the default, which is for there to be no maximum. For instance, setvar(split, X, "a,b,c,d", ",", 2) will assign "a" to ${X::0} and "b,c,d" to ${X::1}.

                                Here is another example:

                                    > setvar(split, "X", "a\nb\nc\n", "\n")
                                    "3"
                                    > ${X::0}
                                    "a"
                                    > ${X::#}
                                    "3"

                                This function can be used to break a pathname into its individual components. For instance, the following call results in ${X::0} set to the empty string, ${X::1} set to "a", ${X::2} set to "long", and ${X::3} set to "path":

                                    > setvar(split, "X", "/a/long/path", "/")
                                    4

                                (You may need to first remove redundant slashes in string using strtr()[98].)

                                A dflag argument may follow the limit argument to indicate whether delimiter should not be included in substrings (dflag == 0, which is the default behavior), whether it should be included at the start of substrings with the possible exception of the first one (dflag > 0), or whether it should be included at the end of substrings with the possible exception of the last one (dflag < 0).

                                    > setvar(split, P, "/a/long/path", "/", 0, 1)
                                    3
                                    > ${P::0}
                                    "/a"
                                    > ${P::1}
                                    "/long"
                                    > ${P::2}
                                    "/path"
                                    > setvar(split, P, "/a/long/path", "/", 0, -1)
                                    4
                                    > ${P::0}
                                    "/"
                                    > ${P::1}
                                    "a/"
                                    > ${P::2}
                                    "long/"
                                    > ${P::3}
                                    "path"

                            setvar(uri, dst-namespace, uri)
                                The given uri, a URI conforming to RFC 2396[61] or RFC 3986[62], is parsed into its components. Variables in dst-namespace are set accordingly: SCHEME (mapped to lower case), HOST (mapped to lower case), AUTHORITY, PORT, SERVER, USERINFO, PATH, QUERY, and FRAGMENT. If a component is absent from uri, the corresponding variable will not be defined.

                                    Security
                                    It is possible for USERINFO (called user-pass in RFC 2617[111]) to include either a username (userid), plaintext password, or both. Either subfield may consist of any octet except CTLs but including whitespace, except that the username may not contain a colon. Refer to Section 4 of RFC 2617[111] for security considerations related to this feature.

                                In addition, the URI's path component is split into its slash-delimited pieces. The variable PATH_LENGTH is set to the number of such pieces (it will be zero if there are none), and variables PATH_0, PATH_1, and so on are set to the first, second, and successive pieces. An "empty" path component is treated as a piece consisting of the empty string.

                                    > setvar(uri, "X", "https://bar@foo.example.com:8443/cgi-bin/prog?a=17")
                                    11
                                    > info(namespace,X)
                                    "SCHEME="https"
                                    AUTHORITY="bar@foo.example.com:8443"
                                    HOST="foo.example.com"
                                    PORT="8443"
                                    SERVER="foo.example.com:8443"
                                    USERINFO="bar"
                                    PATH="/cgi-bin/prog"
                                    PATH_COUNT="2"
                                    PATH_0="cgi-bin"
                                    PATH_1="prog"
                                    QUERY="a=17"
                                    "
                                    > ${X::SERVER}
                                    "foo.example.com:8443"

                        sizeof(typename)
                            This function returns the amount of memory in bytes, as an integer, used by typename, the name of a basic data type[21]. For the string and binary types, the returned value is the number of bytes used by each element of that type (1, typically). To find the number of elements in string or binary data, use length()[15].

                                > sizeof(real)
                                8

                        sleep(seconds)
                            The process is suspended for approximately seconds seconds, or until a signal is received and caught or the process terminated. It returns the "unslept" number of seconds, which will be zero if the process slept for the requested interval. This is an interface to sleep(3)[116]. It can be useful for inserting delays in conjunction with error handlers, for instance.

                        source(vfs-ref [,key])
                            The expressions in the file or item specified by vfs-ref, which may be followed by a key if it is an indexed filestore, are read and evaluated as a block. The vfs-ref can be an absolute pathname, an item type, or a VFS URI[30]. The value returned is that of the evaluated block. The following two expressions are essentially equivalent:

                                source("/usr/local/dacs/scripts/script17")
                                eval(get("/usr/local/dacs/scripts/script17"))

                            This function is handy when a lengthy expression is needed but one does not want to clutter a configuration file or a rule.

                        sprintf(fmt, ...)
                            This is a slightly scaled-down version of the sprintf(3)[117] library function. If necessary and possible, arguments are converted to the type requested by a formatting specification. The formatted string is returned.

                                ${a} = sprintf("Hello") . ", world."
                                "Hello, world."
                                length(sprintf("Hello") . ", world.")
                                13

                        strchars(str, range-spec [,...])
                            This function returns a new string by selecting characters from str according to a sequence of one or more range specifications (each one a range-spec). A range-spec is a string argument that determines the indexes of characters to select within str. Indexes start at zero. The result of each successive range specification is appended to the previous result.

                            A range-spec is an unordered set of one or more comma-separated elements, each of which is either an index or a range. An index may either be a non-negative integer or "#", which means "all indexes". A range represents a sequence of indexes and has the syntax:

                                range-start ".." range-end

                            A range-start may be a non-negative integer, the character "#" (which means "from the beginning"), or may be elided (also meaning "from the beginning"). A range-end may be a non-negative integer (not less than range-start, if it is also a non-negative integer), the character "#" (which means "to the end"), or may be omitted (also meaning "to the end").

                                > $a = "abcdef"
                                "abcdef"
                                > strchars($a, 2)
                                "c"
                                > strchars($a, "1..4", "0")
                                "bcdea"
                                > strchars($a . $a, "5..#")
                                "fabcdef"
                                > strchars($a, "#")
                                "abcdef"
                                > strchars($a, "#..#")
                                "abcdef"
                                > strchars($a, "#..3")
                                "abcd"
                                > strchars($a, "..3")
                                "abcd"
                                > strchars($a, "..3", "#")
                                "abcdabcdef"

                        strchop(str, del-spec)
                            This function deletes from the end of str a continuous run of any characters in del-spec.

                                > strchop("foo4.859", ".56789")
                                "foo4"
                                > strchop("foo7.859", ".5679")
                                "foo7.8"
                                > strchop("hello    ", " ")
                                "hello"
                                > strchop("dogs rule\n\n", "\n")
                                "dogs rule"

                        strclone(str, count)
                            This function returns the concatenation of count copies of str. The result has the same type as str, which may be a string or bstring. The count must not be less than 1. A limit is imposed on the length of the result. This function is sometimes useful when forming an argument to a hash or encryption function, which often consists of a repeated substring.

                                > strclone("abc", 1)
                                "abc"
                                > strclone("abc", 3)
                                "abcabcabc"
                                > strclone("\x0b",22)
                                "0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b"
                                > strclone(decode(hex, "01"), 7)
                                "01010101010101"

                        strftime(format)
                            This function is an interface to the strftime(3)[118] function. It is applied to the current date and time.

                        strptime(date-str, date-format, namespace)
                        strptime(namespace)
                            This function is an interface to the strptime(3)[119] function. The date-str argument is a string representation of a date and/or time, with date-format describing its syntax. If the parse of date-str succeeds, the following elements of namespace are set from the corresponding fields of struct tm: tm_sec, tm_min, tm_hour, tm_mday, tm_mon, tm_year, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst, tm_zone, and tm_gmtoff. Additionally, a variable named clock is set to the Unix time that corresponds to the parsed date and time. Any existing elements of namespace are not modified. If date-str does not fully describe a date and time, it is taken to be relative to the current date and time (e.g., if only a time is given, "today's date" is used).

                            In the single-argument usage, the current date and time are parsed and namespace is assigned values as previously described.

                            The return value is the "Unix time" equivalent of the resulting time and date.

                                > strptime("6 Dec 2001 12:33:45", "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S", tm)
                                1007670825
                                > "${tm::tm_mon} ${tm::tm_mday} ${tm::tm_hour} ${tm::tm_min}"
                                "11 6 12 33"
                                > ${tm::clock}
                                1007670825

                        strrstr(string, substring [, nocase])
                            Return the start of the last occurrence of substring within string. The empty string is returned if string is empty or if no occurrence of substring is found. If substring is empty, string is returned. The optional nocase literal argument requests case-insensitive comparison.

                                > strrstr("afoofoofooz", "foo")
                                "fooz"
                                > strrstr("afOOfoofooz", "FooF", nocase)
                                "foofooz"
                                > strrstr("afOOfoofooz", "ofoo",nocase)
                                "ofooz"

                        strstr(string, substring [, nocase])
                            Return the start of the first occurrence of substring within string. The empty string is returned if string is empty or if no occurrence of substring is found. If substring is empty, string is returned. The optional nocase literal argument requests case-insensitive comparison.

                                > strstr("foobazbar", "baz")
                                "bazbar"
                                > strstr("foobazbar", "")
                                "foobazbar"
                                > strstr("foobazbar", "zzz")
                                ""
                                > strstr("", "zzz")
                                ""
                                > strstr("afoofoofooz", "foo")
                                "foofoofooz"
                                > strstr("fooZbar", "Ozb", nocase)
                                "oZbar"

                        strtolower(string)
                            A new string is returned where each uppercase character in string is mapped to lowercase and all other characters are mapped to themselves. These two expressions are equivalent and have the value "hello, world 2008":

                                strtolower("Hello, World 2008")
                                strtr("Hello, World 2008", "A-Z", "a-z")

                        strtoupper(string)
                            A new string is returned where each lowercase character in string is mapped to uppercase and all other characters are mapped to themselves. These two expressions are equivalent and have the value "HELLO, WORLD 2008":

                                strtoupper("Hello, World 2008")
                                strtr("Hello, World 2008", "a-z", "A-Z")

                        strtr(input-string, string1, [string2 [,cds]])
                            This function performs string transliteration, like the tr(1)[120] command and Perl's tr and y operators. The result is the transliterated string. The first argument is the input string to be transliterated (stdin in the tr command). The second argument is the search list ("string1" in the tr command). The third argument is the (possibly empty) replacement list ("string2" in the tr command); it may be omitted if no flag string argument follows.

                            The fourth, optional argument is a literal flag string made of the characters 'c', 'd', and 's' (in any order), which correspond to the flags of the same name in the tr command:

                            c
                                Complement the set of values in string1.

                            d
                                Delete characters in string1 from the input string.

                            s
                                Squeeze multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last operand (either string1 or string2) in the input into a single instance of the character. This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed.

                                > strtr("AbCdEf", "A-Z", "a-z")
                                "abcdef"
                                > strtr("/a//b///c", "/", "", "s")
                                "/a/b/c"

                        subset(format, purported-subset, superset [, nocase])
                            This function returns True if every element of the purported-subset appears in superset. The format indicates how to parse the set arguments. It can be the space, tab, or newline character, or any punctuation character. It is currently interpreted as the character that separates elements. If the optional nocase literal argument is given, then set elements are compared case-insensitively.

                            Example:

                                subset(",", ${Args::LAYERS:i}, "RELIEF:Foundation,GTOPO30:Foundation")

                            This call returns True if every element of the LAYERS parameter (case insensitive) appears in the given list, otherwise the expression is False.

                        substr(string, start-position, length)
                            This function returns the substring of string beginning at start-position with length at most length characters. The first character is in position one. If start-position is negative, the position is relative to the end of string (-1 specifies the last character in string). If the effective starting position is outside of string, an empty string is returned. If length is negative, it means "the remainder of the string". It is an error if either numeric argument is zero. It is not an error if length exceeds the actual number of characters returned.

                                > substr("foozle", 3, 4)
                                "ozle"
                                > substr("foobar", -3, 2)
                                "ba"
                                > substr("foobar", -5, -1)
                                "oobar"
                                > substr("foobar", 10, -1)
                                ""
                                > substr("foobar", -10, 3)
                                ""

                        syntax(type, name [, flag])
                            This function performs a syntax test, specified by type, on name. It returns 0 if the test fails, 1 or a type-dependent, non-zero value if the test is successful. It can be useful for testing, catching errors, recognizing when a string must be mapped, and for learning about DACS. Note that these are purely syntactical checks. They do not test whether an object called name exists or is configured.

                            The following tests are recognized:

                            syntax(charset, name, charset_spec)
                                Test if each of the characters in name is specified by charset_spec, which is a character set specification as used by strtr()[98] ("the search list").

                            syntax(dacsname, name)
                                Test if name is valid as a DACS name[121]. If the string is recognized, one of the following values is returned to classify it:

                                    • 1 if it is a DACS identity

                                    • 2 if it is a group name

                                    • 3 if it is a jurisdiction name

                                    • 4 if it is a federation name

                                    • 5 if it is an IP address in numeric dot notation

                                syntax(emailaddr, name)
                                    Test if name is a syntactically valid RFC 822[122] email address. A successful test does not imply that a message can be delivered to the address.

                                        Note
                                        The implementation does not currently recognize valid addresses where the local-part (the substring to the left of the '@' character) contains a quoted-string component.

                                syntax(expr, name)
                                    Test if name is a syntactically valid expression. The expression is not actually evaluated. A successful test does not imply that evaluation of the expression will necessarily be successful or error-free.

                                syntax(domainname, name)
                                    Test if name is a syntactically valid domain name (RFC 952[123]). A successful test does not imply that name exists or has a DNS entry.

                                syntax(federation, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as a federation name (e.g., as the value of FEDERATION_NAME[124]).

                                syntax(group, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as a group name.

                                syntax(hostname, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as a host name (an alphanumeric, followed by any number of alphanumerics and hyphens, but not ending with a hyphen; see RFC 952[123] and RFC 1123[125]).

                                syntax(ipaddr, name)
                                    Test if name is a valid Class C IPv4 address (RFC 790[126]).

                                syntax(jurisdiction, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as a jurisdiction name (e.g., as the value of JURISDICTION_NAME[127]).

                                syntax(namespace, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as the name of a namespace[22].

                                syntax(role, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as a role descriptor string[121].

                                syntax(uri, name)
                                    Test if name is a valid URI (RFC 2396[61], but partially RFC 3986[62]). It must consist of a scheme, authority component, path component, and optional query and fragment components.

                                syntax(username, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as a username (e.g., as the value of the USERNAME argument to many DACS web services).

                                syntax(variable, name)
                                    Test if name is valid as a variable reference[22]. This does not test if the named variable exists.

                                syntax(varname, name)
                                    Test if name is a syntactically correct variable name[22], with or without a namespace. This does not test if the named variable exists.

                                    > syntax(federation, "FOO")
                                    1
                                    > syntax(dacsname, "FOO::BAZ:bar")
                                    1
                                    > syntax(dacsname, "FOO::")
                                    4
                                    > syntax(charset, "bobo17+", "a-z0-9")
                                    0
                                    > syntax(expr, '1 + 1 + 1')
                                    1
                                    > syntax(variable, '${1$}')
                                    0
                                    > syntax(variable, '${Foo::baz:z}')
                                    0
                                    > syntax(varname, 'Foo::baz')
                                    1
                                    > syntax(varname, "17")
                                    1
                                    > syntax(username, "/bobo/")
                                    0
                                    > syntax(group, "blop")
                                    1
                                    > syntax(group, "%blop")
                                    0
                                    > syntax(dacsname, "%blop:flop")
                                    1
                                    > syntax(uri,"https://foo.example.com:8443/cgi-bin/prog?a=17")
                                    1

                            time(format [, timeval])
                            time(format, namespace)
                                This function returns time and date information, as specified by the first argument. The second argument, if present, either specifies the "Unix time" from which to obtain the time and date or a namespace that was returned by strptime()[128]. If the second argument is absent, the result is the same as if a second argument were given as time("now"). The localtime(3)[129] library function is used internally to perform the date calculations.

                                The format argument, which is treated case-insensitively, can be any of the following:

                                    • If the argument is "now", the function's value is the current "Unix time" (the value of time in seconds since 0 hours, 0 minutes, 0 seconds, January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal Time). If the second argument is present, however, it is the function's value.

                                    • If the argument is "sec" or "secs" or "seconds", the function's value is the system clock's seconds reading.

                                    • If the argument is "min" or "mins" or "minutes", the function's value is the system clock's minutes reading.

                                    • If the argument is "hour", the function's value is the system clock's hour reading (0 - 23).

                                    • If the argument is "mday", the function's value is the day of the month (1 - 31).

                                    • If the argument is "ismdaylast", the function's value is non-zero if this is the last day of the month.

                                    • If the argument is "mon" or "month", the function's value is the month of the year (0 - 11).

                                    • If the argument is "year", the function's value is the year (from 1900 onward).

                                    • If the argument is "isleapyear", the function's value is non-zero if this is a leap year.

                                    • If the argument is "wday", the function's value is the day of the week (Sunday is 0).

                                    • If the argument is "yday", the function's value is the day of the year (0 - 365).

                                    • If the argument is "isdst", the function's value is non-zero if daylight saving time is in effect.

                                    • If the argument is "zone", the function's value is system clock's time zone, abbreviated. If the time zone is not known, the value will be the empty string.

                                    • If the argument is "gmtoff", the function's value is the offset (in seconds) of the system clock's time represented from UTC, with positive values indicating east of the Prime Meridian.

                                        Note
                                        A more powerful function is planned to test whether the current time and date satisfy a predicate. It might, for example, understand arguments such as "Tuesday" (True on any Tuesday), "last day of the month", "between midnight and 8:30am", "January 30, 2004 at 1:23pm", "between March 2 and April 1", "the second Tuesday of the month", or "within 15 days of April 30".

                                transform(input,name,rules,docs [,idents])
                                transform(input,config,name,rules,docs [,idents])
                                    This function provides a simplified API for dacstransform(1)[130] - refer to its description for additional details. The first form of the function uses compile-time defaults, unless they are overridden by configuration variables (e.g., ${Conf::transform_prefix}). The second form passes a configuration object returned by transform_config()[131]. The input argument is the text to be passed through the function. The name argument is equivalent to the value of the dacstransform -name flag, rules is equivalent to the value of the -r flag, docs is equivalent to the value of the -docs flag, and the optional idents argument is a whitespace-separated list of identities in the concise user syntax[132]. The function returns the transformed input.

                                transform_config(flags)
                                    This function returns a configuration object that is passed to subsequent calls to transform()[133] so that defaults can be overridden. The single string argument is parsed into whitespace-separated words. If a flag is repeated, the right-most occurrence is used.

                                    The following flags are recognized:

                                        • -prefix prefix-string: The string used to introduce a directive, which must appear at the beginning of a line.

                                        • -suffix suffix-string: The string used to end a directive.

                                        • -rprefix regex-prefix: A line whose beginning matches the specified regular expression introduces a directive.

                                        • -rsuffix regex-suffix: The end of a directive is found by matching the specified regular expression.

                                    trim(string, delete-set [,limit])
                                        Delete each character in delete-set that appears at the end of string, up to limit characters. The delete-set is a search list specification as used by strtr()[98]. If limit is missing or zero, all of the characters in string can potentially be deleted (leaving the empty string). The new string is returned.

                                            > trim("abceffff", "f")
                                            "abce"
                                            > trim("abceffff", abf)
                                            "abce"
                                            > trim("a\n\n\n", "\n")
                                            "a"
                                            > trim("a", "a-z")
                                            ""

                                    typeof([typename,] expression)
                                        If there are two arguments and the first is a recognized data type name[21], the return value is 1 (True) if expression has that type and 0 (False) otherwise. If there is one argument, the function yields a string that is the data type name of the evaluated expression.

                                            > typeof(4.5)
                                            "real"
                                            > typeof(integer, 4.5)
                                            0

                                    undef()
                                        This function returns a special value that represents the "undefined value". It is normally an error to use this value, just as it would be to reference an undefined variable. It can be used to undefine a configuration directive. The undefined value prints as the string "<UNDEFINED>". See dacs.conf(5)[10].

                                    user(string)
                                        This function compares its argument against each set of current credentials and returns the number of credentials that match. The argument is a user filter expression that must evaluate to True for a set of credentials for those credentials to match. See dacs(1)[121] for information about naming.

                                            Note
                                            In typical usage, each user will have only one set of credentials or will be unauthenticated. One should keep in mind, however, that multiple concurrent identities are allowed, subject to ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT[134].

                                        The string argument (EXP) has the following syntax:

                                        Figure 2. User Filter Expression Grammar

                                            EXP -> E1
                                            E1  -> E2 | E2 OR E2
                                            E2  -> E3 | E3 AND E2
                                            E3  -> E4 | NOT E3
                                            E4  -> primary | "(" E1 ")"
                                            OR  -> "or"  | "||"
                                            AND -> "and" | "&&"
                                            NOT -> "not" | "!"
                                        Whitespace (spaces and tabs) is permitted before and after lexical elements. Keywords are case sensitive except when otherwise stated.

                                        A primary, which evaluates to True or False, is one of the following:

                                        username
                                            True if the DACS identity username matches.

                                                user("METALOGIC:auggie")
                                                user(":bobo")

                                            If the jurisdiction name or federation name components are omitted, the current federation and jurisdiction[121] are implied. The jurisdiction name component may be specified as "*" (e.g., *:username), in which case it will match any jurisdiction name in the current federation. In addition, both the federation name and the jurisdiction name components may be specified as "*" (e.g., *::*:username), in which case it will match any federation name and any jurisdiction name.

                                        jurisdiction
                                            True if jurisdiction matches the name of the jurisdiction that created the credentials.

                                                user("METALOGIC:")
                                                user("DEMO::METALOGIC:")

                                        federation
                                            True if federation matches the name of the federation that created the credentials.

                                                user("DEMO::")

                                        address
                                            Given an argument acceptable to the from()[135] predicate, the result is True if the credentials were generated by a user apparently located at address.

                                                user("10.0.0.123")
                                                user("10.0.0.0/24")
                                                user("example.com")

                                        group
                                            True if the identity is a member of group, which is a DACS group.

                                                user("%METALOGIC:admin")

                                            A group name may reference an explicit group membership list or a role-based group. Also, it is possible for an explicit group membership list to have the same name as a role-based group; if the name is referenced in a rule, the rule processing engine will first check if the user is associated with the role. If he's not, it will go on to check for an explicit group membership list with the same name. This allows an administrator to easily supplement the membership associated with a role-based group. Refer to dacs.groups(5)[136].

                                        namespace ns
                                            The value of each element in ns (a namespace) is evaluated as a primary. The order in which the list is evaluated is unspecified. Processing of the list terminates with the first primary that evaluates to True or when the list is exhausted. This primary can appear in an element (so that one list can reference other lists) but beware of infinite recursion.

                                            For example, if /usr/local/dacs/app_users consists of usernames, one per line, an access control rule can grant permission to any of the users by having an allow element containing the statements:

                                                setvar(load, APP_USERS, "/usr/local/dacs/app_users");
                                                user("namespace APP_USERS")

                                        style style-list
                                            The keyword style is followed by a list of one or more comma-separated, case-insensitive style keywords, described below. Each style keyword may be abbreviated up to the indicated minimum number of initial characters. Every set of credentials has one or more styles[137] associated with it that indicate which authentication method or methods were successfully applied and how (by what means) the credentials were generated within DACS. A primary is True if the tested credentials satisfy all of the keywords in the style-list.

                                            For example, this expression tests if both the passwd and certificate styles are associated with it:

                                                user("style passwd,cert")

                                            This is equivalent to the following expression, which tests if the user was authenticated via a username/password style of authentication and a valid X.509 client certificate was presented:

                                                user("style passwd") and user("style CERT")

                                            The following style keywords are understood:

                                            acs
                                                True if the credentials were created during an authorization check by dacs_acs

                                            admin
                                                True if the credentials were created for use internal to DACS.

                                            alien
                                                True if the credentials were imported by dacs_auth_agent(8)[138] in its "alien" mode, or by dacs_auth_transfer(8)[139].

                                            cas
                                                True if the user was authenticated using CAS.

                                            cert[ificate]
                                                True if the user authenticated using an X.509 certificate.

                                            digest
                                                True if the user authenticated using RFC 2617[111] Digest authentication.

                                            expr
                                                True if the user was authenticated using an expression.

                                            gen[erated]
                                                True if the credentials were generated by a DACS utility (e.g., dacscookie(1)[140]).

                                            import[ed]
                                                True if the credentials were imported by dacs_auth_agent(8)[138] or dacs_auth_transfer(8)[139].

                                            infocard
                                                True if the user was authenticated using an InfoCard.

                                            nat[ive]
                                                True if the user was authenticated using the native authentication style.

                                            managed_infocard
                                                True if the user was authenticated using a managed InfoCard.

                                            pass[word]
                                            passwd
                                                True if the user authenticated using a password.

                                            prompt[ed]
                                                True if the user was authenticated using the prompted authentication style.

                                            rlink
                                                True if the user was authenticated using an Rlink[101].

                                            selfissued_infocard
                                                True if the user was authenticated using a self-issued InfoCard.

                                            simple
                                                True if the user authenticated without using a password.

                                            This test can be used as part of a risk-based authentication configuration; a user with credentials obtained through an authentication style deemed not to be sufficiently secure with respect to a resource could be forced to reauthenticate using a stronger authentication method. See dacs_authenticate(8)[9] for additional information.

                                        importedby jurisdiction
                                            The keyword importedby is followed by the name of a jurisdiction within the current federation; the result is True if the credentials were imported using dacs_auth_transfer(8)[139] at that jurisdiction.

                                                user("importedby METALOGIC")

                                        version protocol-version
                                            The keyword version is followed by a DACS protocol version number (every release of DACS defines this as the value of the compile-time symbol DACS_VERSION_NUMBER); the result is True if the credentials match that protocol version number.

                                                user("version 1.4")

                                        authenticated, unauthenticated
                                            Either of two keywords: authenticated (or simply auth) or unauthenticated (or simply unauth). The former is True if the user is authenticated, while the latter is True if the user is not authenticated. A case-insensitive string comparison is used to match these special names.

                                                user("auth")
                                                user("unauth")

                                        mine
                                            The keyword "mine" (case insensitive) is True if the user was authenticated by the current jurisdiction.

                                                user("mine")

                                        any
                                            The keyword "any" (case insensitive) is always True.

                                                user("any")

                                        none
                                            The keyword "none" (case insensitive) is always False.

                                                user("none")

                                        By default, an exact string comparison (case sensitive) is used to match name components other than the special names; this default behaviour can be overridden using the NAME_COMPARE configuration directive (dacs.conf(5)[10]). The method used to compare federation names, jurisdiction names, and usernames can also be specified by following the primary with a mode. If the value of mode (which is itself case insensitive) is case, then case-sensitive comparisons are used, if its value is nocase, then case-insensitive comparisons are used, and if its value is default, then the value of the NAME_COMPARE directive will be used if present, otherwise the application default is used (either case or the value selected by the application).

                                            Important
                                            Keep in mind that user() can return False because no credentials matched the user filter expression and because there are no credentials at all (i.e., the user is unauthenticated). For example,

                                                user("not METALOGIC:rmorriso")

                                            will return True if the user's identity is not METALOGIC:rmorriso, even if the user is not authenticated. It may therefore be necessary to explicitly test for an authenticated user:

                                                user("not METALOGIC:rmorriso and auth")

                                        Here are examples of the user() function. Note that any non-zero expression value implies True.

                                            1.

                                                user("METALOGIC:")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated by the jurisdiction METALOGIC in this federation

                                            2.

                                                user("METALOGIC:rmorriso")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated as the user METALOGIC:rmorriso

                                            3.

                                                user("DEMO::METALOGIC:rmorriso")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated by the given federation and jurisdiction as rmorriso

                                            4.

                                                user("%METALOGIC:admin")

                                            Return True if the client is a member of the group METALOGIC:admin

                                            5.

                                                user("*:rmorriso")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated as the username rmorriso by any jurisdiction in this federation

                                            6.

                                                user("auth")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated anywhere

                                            7.

                                                user("UnAuthenticated")

                                            Return True if the client is not authenticated

                                            8.

                                                user("10.0.0.123")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated through a request from a host having the IP address 10.0.0.123

                                            9.

                                                user("not 10.0.0.123")

                                            Return True if the client is unauthenticated or was not authenticated through a request from a host having the IP address 10.0.0.123 (use user("auth and not 10.0.0.123") to remove the unauthenticated case)

                                            10.

                                                user("ANY")

                                            Always return True

                                            11.

                                                user("any") gt 1

                                            Return True if the client has more than one set of current credentials (i.e., has authenticated as two or more identities)

                                            12.

                                                user(":rmorriso")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated as rmorriso by this jurisdiction

                                            13.

                                                user(":rmorriso nocase")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated as rmorriso, case-insensitively, by this jurisdiction

                                            14.

                                                user("metalogic:RMORRISO nocase")

                                            Return True if the client was authenticated as the user metalogic:RMORRISO, but comparing the jurisdiction name, username, and implied federation name case-insensitively

                                            15.

                                                user("METALOGIC:rmorriso default")

                                            Equivalent to user("METALOGIC:rmorriso"), return True if the client was authenticated as the user METALOGIC:rmorriso, but comparing the jurisdiction name, username, and implied federation name according to the NAME_COMPARE directive, otherwise using the application's default

                                                Tip
                                                The following two tests are not equivalent:

                                                    user("auth")
                                                    user("DSS:auth")

                                                The first is True if the user making the request has been authenticated; it does matter which jurisdiction authenticated the user or what the username is. The second test requires the user making the request to have a specific identity; she must have been authenticated by the jurisdiction DSS as the username auth.

                                        ustamp(op, vfs-ref [,args ...])
                                            This function generates a string called a stamp that is globally unique and sequenced, with high probability. It has the following syntax:

                                                h=hostid, s=seqno

                                            A hostid consists of one or more characters from the same set used for a DACS username[141]. A seqno consists of two elements, separated by a colon, each of which is an unsigned decimal value.

                                            The first component of a stamp, the hostid, is intended to be uniquely associated with the host that generates the stamp. By default, it is a 128-bit, cryptographically strong pseudo-random value. This value is stored in vfs-ref, which may be an absolute pathname, an item type, or a VFS URI[30]. If vfs-ref does not exist, it is created and a new value is stored in it.

                                            Note that by default, hostid identifies a host, not a jurisdiction. If required, it is possible to configure unique stamps for each jurisdiction on a host.

                                            The second component (seqno) is a sequence number string relative to hostid. Sequence numbers should never repeat with respect to a host and always increase in value so that any two sequence numbers created by the same host must be different. Successive sequence numbers need not increase by uniform steps. If stamp1 compares less than stamp2, then stamp1 was created before stamp2. Comparison of sequence numbers is performed on matching elements numerically, left to right. Two hostid components are compared case insensitively. No ordering is necessarily implied by stamps created by different hosts.

                                            Sequence number state information is stored in a file that must be specified using the configuration variable ${Conf::ustamp_seqno}; e.g.,

                                                EVAL ${Conf::ustamp_seqno} = "${Conf::DACS_HOME}/seqno"

                                            The variable must be set to the absolute pathname of a file that is readable and writable by any process that needs to generate a stamp. If this file is deleted, the sequence will be reinitialized. Note that updates to the state information are unlikely to be atomic, which means that in the event of a system crash the state information should be deleted so that a new stream of sequence numbers is generated.

                                            One application of these stamps is to provide an efficient way to detect replayed messages. A recipient may only need to keep track of the stamp sent with the last message received from a jurisdiction to detect an invalid stamp in any subsequent message. Cryptographic techniques can be employed to prevent a stamp from being altered or forged.

                                            The following operations are recognized:

                                            ustamp(clock, vfs-uri)
                                                The host's system clock is used for the stamp's sequence number. Its first element is the number of seconds since the start of the epoch and the second is a counter value. Note that if the system clock is reset to an earlier time, sequence numbers may repeat with unpredictable consequences; a future version of this function may detect a reset clock.

                                            ustamp(ntpclock, vfs-uri, ntp_host)
                                                This operation is not implemented. Rather than using the system clock, this operation obtains the current time from ntp_host, which is assumed to be more reliable than the system clock in that it will never be reset to an earlier time. The ntp_host argument is a hostname or IP address. The default port number (123) may be overridden by appending a colon and the port number to use.

                                            ustamp(user, vfs-uri, seqno)
                                                Instead of incorporating the current time into the stamp's sequence number, this operation uses a user-supplied string that is assumed to have the necessary syntax and characteristics.

                                            Examples:

                                                > ustamp(clock, "${Conf::DACS_HOME}/hostid")
                                                "h=2fbae312ddc1d2ae388cea1b57a47c66, s=1185565675:9"

                                        valuesof(alist)
                                            If its argument is a single pair, the pair's value is returned. If there is more than one pair in the argument, a list of values is returned. To get the key component of a pair or set of pairs, use keysof()[18].

                                            Examples:

                                                > valuesof({red, 17})
                                                17
                                                > valuesof({red, 17, blue, 100})
                                                [17, 100]

                                        var(op, namespace, variable-name [, args ...])
                                            This function performs various operations on a variable, some of which are awkward or impossible to do using the more concise variable reference syntax. For example, the namespace or variable name argument to var() can be specified by an expression.

                                            The following operations are available:

                                            var(delete, namespace, variable-name)
                                                Delete (undefine) the variable named variable-name within namespace. If the variable is deleted, 1 is returned, and if it does not exist, 0 is returned.

                                            var(exists, namespace, variable-name)
                                                Test if the variable named variable-name within namespace exists, returning 1 if so and 0 if not.

                                            var(get, namespace, variable-name [, altval])
                                                Return the value of the variable named variable-name within namespace. If the variable does not exist, altval is returned if given, otherwise the empty string is returned (which could potentially be confused with a legitimate value).

                                            var(set, namespace, variable-name, value)
                                                Set the value of the variable named variable-name within namespace to value. If namespace or variable-name do not exist they are created. If the variable already exists, its value is replaced. The function returns value.

                                            Examples:

                                                > ${Y::foo} = 17
                                                17
                                                > setvar(split, X, "/a/b/c/Y", "/")
                                                5
                                                > var(get, X, 4)
                                                "Y"
                                                > var(get, X, ${X::#} - 1)
                                                "Y"
                                                > var(get, var(get, X, "4"), "foo")
                                                "17"
                                                > var(set, Y, "f" . "o" . "o", 2007)
                                                2007
                                                > ${Y::foo}
                                                2007

                                        vfs(op, vfs-ref [, argument ...])
                                            This function is an interface to the DACS virtual filestore subsystem, described in dacs.vfs(5)[142]. Please refer to dacs.conf(5)[30] and dacsvfs(1)[143] for details and examples.

                                            The first argument specifies the operation to be performed. The second argument identifies a filestore (typically a file or database); it can be an absolute pathname, an item_type that has been configured through a VFS[30] directive, or a VFS URI[144]. Zero or more arguments may follow, depending on op. For most operations, the third argument will be the key that identifies the object of interest. The underlying filestore is implicitly opened and closed.

                                            An operation that fails abnormally triggers a fatal error.

                                            The following operations (op) are available:

                                            vfs(control, vfs-ref, c_op [, argument ...]
                                                Perform a configuration operation, specified by c_op, on the filestore. Zero or more arguments may follow c_op, depending on the semantics of c_op. Not all c_op requests are valid for a given storage scheme or have an effect. True is returned if successful, False otherwise. Recognized c_op specifiers are:

                                                flush
                                                    For dacs-kwv type schemes, if modified data has been buffered, write it to the underlying storage layer.

                                                get_container
                                                    For most schemes, return a URI for the underlying object that stores the instance's data (e.g., the URI for a filename).

                                                set_cookies
                                                    For an http or https scheme, each argument is an HTTP cookie to submit with each request. (NOT IMPLEMENTED).

                                                set_field_sep field_sep
                                                    For dacs-kwv type schemes, set the field separator string to field_sep.

                                                set_lock mode
                                                    For a native filesystem object (the fs scheme), set or unset a lock on the underlying storage object according to mode. (NOT IMPLEMENTED.)

                                            vfs(defined, item-type)
                                                Test if the specified item-type has been defined by a VFS[30] directive.

                                                    vfs(defined, "passwds")

                                            vfs(delete, vfs-ref [, key])
                                                Delete the referenced object.

                                            vfs(enabled [, store-name])
                                                With an argument, test if the specified store-name can be used. With no argument, return a list[86] of enabled store names.

                                                    vfs(enabled, "db") ? print("yes") : print("no");

                                            vfs(exists, vfs-ref [, key])
                                                Test whether the referenced object exists, returning True or False.

                                                    vfs(exists, "/usr/local/dacs/conf/passwd")
                                                    vfs(exists, "file:///usr/local/dacs/conf/passwd")

                                            vfs(get, vfs-ref [, key])
                                                Retrieve the referenced object as a string.

                                            vfs(getsize, vfs-ref [, key])
                                                Return the length, in bytes, of the referenced object.

                                            vfs(list, vfs-ref)
                                                List the keys of all objects in the store.

                                            vfs(load, vfs-ref [, key])
                                                The load operator returns the contents of the object as a list of strings, one element per line. Typically, the object is a file that consists of newline-separated text. The first line is assigned to list element 0, the second to element 1, and so on.

                                            vfs(loadrc, vfs-ref [, key])
                                                This operator is similar to the load operator but ignores comment lines, making it a convenient shorthand for loading configuration files, which often include blank lines and line-spanning comments. By default, a line that has any character in the string "#\n" as its first non-whitespace character is discarded. This behaviour can be overridden by changing the value of ${Expr::rc_chars}. If ${Expr::rc_chars} is the empty string, only empty lines or lines consisting entirely of whitespace are discarded. An explicit newline in ${Expr::rc_chars} matches blank lines.

                                                Consider the following example:

                                                    > ($pwd = vfs(loadrc, "/etc/passwd")) && "ok"
                                                    1
                                                    > length($pwd)
                                                    33
                                                    > $pwd[0]
                                                    "root:*:0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh"

                                                Here, there are 33 non-comment, non-empty lines in /etc/passwd and the first one is printed.

                                            vfs(put, vfs-ref, value)
                                            vfs(put, vfs-ref, key, value)
                                                Store an item under the given key, replacing any existing instance. The value is null-terminated.

                                            vfs(rename, vfs-ref, oldkey, newkey)
                                                Change the key associated with an existing item from oldkey to newkey.

                                            vfs(uri, item-type)
                                                If item-type has been defined by a VFS[30] directive, return its URI, otherwise the empty string.

                                                    > vfs(uri, "passwds")
                                                    "[passwds]dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/conf/passwd?field_sep=:"

                                            This statement sets a variable to the contents of the file /tmp/somefile:

                                                ${somefile} = vfs(get, "file:///tmp/somefile")

                                            As do this equivalent statements:

                                                ${somefile} = vfs(get, "/tmp/somefile")
                                                ${somefile} = get("/tmp/somefile")

                                            This expression lists the files in the /tmp directory:

                                                vfs(list,"dacs-fs:/tmp")

                                            These expressions 1) add a key/value pair to a Berkeley DB database (/tmp/mydb.db), creating the database file if necessary, 2) retrieve the value, 3) rename the key, and 4) list the keys in the database:

                                                vfs(put, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db", "foo", "baz");
                                                vfs(get, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db", "foo");
                                                vfs(rename, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db", "foo", "bar");
                                                vfs(list, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db");

                                            This rule fragment denies access if the user has already been granted access five times:

                                                <deny>
                                                  if (user("auth")) {
                                                    if (vfs(exists, counter_db, ${DACS::IDENTITY})) {
                                                      ${count} = vfs(get, counter_db, ${DACS::IDENTITY});
                                                    }
                                                    else {
                                                      ${count} = 0;
                                                    }
                                                    if (${count} gt 5) {
                                                      return(1);
                                                    }
                                                    vfs(put, counter_db, ${DACS::IDENTITY}, ++${count});
                                                    return(0);
                                                  }
                                                </deny>

                                            The item type counter_db would be configured in dacs.conf; e.g.,

                                                VFS "[counter_db]dacs-db:/usr/local/dacs/federations/counters.db"

SEE ALSO

dacsexpr(1)[1]

BUGS

Assorted clunky aspects of the language are likely to be replaced by simplified or more general approaches once requirements are clearer. The list and alist data types have not been fully developed and integrated. Assignment to a namespace would be a useful extension. Over time, regular-ness of the language has drifted a little.

A way to handle errors and exceptions (such as with try/catch/throw statements) would be nice. Even a simple "trap" function would be useful. A switch statement and dynamically loaded functions are planned. A foreach statement might be useful, although the language has so far successfully avoided loop constructs as a way to limit its complexity.

Various aspects of variables and namespaces are not implemented. A namespace cannot be copied by assignment; use setvar().

Real numbers are second-class citizens. There are no square root or trig functions, for instance.

Some functionality, such as generation of one-time passwords using HOTP and TOTP (see dacstoken(1)[145]), has not been provided.

Input and output processing is still rather limited, but maybe that's a feature.

Having to use ":" instead of ".." when matching octet ranges with from()[135] is unfortunate but avoids pesky period proliferation.

Some of the more esoteric functions and modes of operation exist primarily to expose DACS core code for testing purposes. Some of these functions do not have particularly efficient implementations.

Expressions are not intended to be used for long-running programs, only short computations.

The string length argument taken by a few functions (like digest()[78]) is probably unnecessary in practice since the substr()[146] function can be used. The length argument should be removed or perhaps replaced by a more versatile range-specifying argument.

AUTHOR

Distributed Systems Software (www.dss.ca[147])

COPYING

Copyright © 2003-2018 Distributed Systems Software. See the LICENSE[148] file that accompanies the distribution for licensing information.

Notes

1.  dacsexpr(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsexpr.1.html

2.  Perl
    http://www.perl.org/

3.  PHP
    http://www.php.net

4.  Tcl
    http://www.tcl.tk/about

5.  isprint(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=isprint&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

6.  print()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#print

7.  cast
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#cast

8.  modifier flag
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#variable_modifiers

9.  dacs_authenticate(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html

10. dacs.conf(5)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html

11. dacs_acs(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html

12. environ(7)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=environ&apropos=0&sektion=7&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

13. exec()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#exec

14. list()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#list

15. length()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#length

16. strchars()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#strchars

17. expression grammar
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#expression_grammar

18. keysof()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#keysof

19. valuesof()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#valuesof

20. alist()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#alist

21. supported data types
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#data_types

22. variable reference
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#variables

23. dacs_notices(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_notices.8.html

24. alist construction operator
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#alists

25. listref()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#listref

26. Argon2
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon2

27. Password Hashing Competition
    https://password-hashing.net/

28. draft-irtf-cfrg-argon2-03
    https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-argon2-03.txt

29. phc-winner-argon2
    https://github.com/p-h-c/phc-winner-argon2

30. VFS
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#VFS

31. revocation list
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html#revocation_list

32. access control rule
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html

33. on_success()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#on_success

34. AUTH_SUCCESS
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#AUTH_SUCCESS

35. ACS_SUCCESS
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ACS_SUCCESS

36. RFC 4180
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt

37. ADMIN_IDENTITY
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ADMIN_IDENTITY

38. approval stamp
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#dacs_approval

39. dacs64 decoding
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#encode

40. dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_list_jurisdictions.8.html

41. dacsauth(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsauth.1.html

42. dacscheck(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacscheck.1.html

43. encode()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#encode

44. cryptographic hash
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_digest

45. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5

46. RFC 6194
    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6194

47. FIPS 180-4
    http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-4/fips-180-4.pdf

48. FIPS PUB 202, August/2015
    http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.202.pdf

49. RFC 7693
    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7693

50. dacs(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#digests-arg

51. dacsversion(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsversion.1.html

52. dacs_version(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_version.8.html

53. pbkdf2()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#pbkdf2

54. scrypt()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#scrypt

55. hash()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#hash

56. decode()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#decode

57. radix-85
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii85

58. RFC 4648
    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648

59. RFC 2045
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt

60. RFC 1738
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt

61. RFC 2396
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

62. RFC 3986
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt

63. execv(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=execv&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

64. basename(1)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=basename&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

65. dirname(1)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dirname&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

66. stat
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#stat

67. stat(1)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=stat&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

68. stat(2)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=stat&apropos=0&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

69. printf(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=printf&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

70. test(1)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=test&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

71. mod_authz_host
    http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_authz_host.html

72. RFC 1035
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1035.txt

73. CIDR notation
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIDR_notation

74. RFC 1338
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1338.txt

75. range specification
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#range-spec

76. regmatch()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#regmatch

77. user()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#user

78. digest()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#digest

79. RFC 5869
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5869.txt

80. Cryptographic Extraction and Key Derivation: The HKDF Scheme
    http://eprint.iacr.org/2010/264

81. HMAC compatible
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#hmac

82. message authentication code
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Authentication_Code

83. Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)
    http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips198-1/FIPS-198-1_final.pdf

84. Secure Hash Standard functions
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#SHA_functions

85. RFC 2253
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt

86. list construction operator
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#lists

87. dacspasswd(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacspasswd.1.html

88. PASSWORD_DIGEST
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#PASSWORD_DIGEST

89. PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX

90. local_passwd_authenticate
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_passwd_authenticate

91. vfs()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#vfs

92. PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS

93. dacs.conf(5)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#interpolation

94. RFC 2898
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2898.txt

95. RFC 3962
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3962.txt

96. LOG_FILTER
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#LOG_FILTER

97. cryptographically strong pseudo-random values
    http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/RAND_bytes.html

98. strtr()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#strtr

99. ACS_ERROR_HANDLER
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ACS_ERROR_HANDLER

00. ErrorDocument directive
    http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/core.html#errordocument

01. Rlinks
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#rlinks

02. permalinks
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalink

03. linkback
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkback

04. regex(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=regex&apropos=0&esektion=3&emanpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

05. re_format(7)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re_format&sektion=7&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

06. access control rules
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html#elements

07. scrypt
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt

08. The scrypt key derivation function
    http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html

09. draft-josefsson-scrypt-kdf-03
    https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-josefsson-scrypt-kdf-03

10. read-only namespace
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#reserved_namespaces

11. RFC 2617
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt

12. copy
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#setvar-copy

13. query
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#setvar-query

14. cgiparse(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/cgiparse.8.html

15. split
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#setvar-split

16. sleep(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sleep&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

17. sprintf(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sprintf&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

18. strftime(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=strftime&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

19. strptime(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=strptime&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

20. tr(1)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tr&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

21. DACS name
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#naming

22. RFC 822
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt

23. RFC 952
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc952.txt

24. FEDERATION_NAME
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#FEDERATION_NAME

25. RFC 1123
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1123.txt

26. RFC 790
    http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc790.txt

27. JURISDICTION_NAME
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#JURISDICTION_NAME

28. strptime()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#strptime

29. localtime(3)
    https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=localtime&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

30. dacstransform(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacstransform.1.html

31. transform_config()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#transform_config

32. concise user syntax
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#concise_user_syntax

33. transform()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#transform

34. ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT

35. from()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#from

36. dacs.groups(5)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.groups.5.html

37. styles
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#STYLE

38. dacs_auth_agent(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_auth_agent.8.html

39. dacs_auth_transfer(8)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_auth_transfer.8.html

40. dacscookie(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacscookie.1.html

41. DACS username
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#dacs_identity

42. dacs.vfs(5)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.vfs.5.html

43. dacsvfs(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsvfs.1.html

44. VFS URI
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/man/dacs.conf.5.html#VFS

45. dacstoken(1)
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacstoken.1.html

46. substr()
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#substr

47. www.dss.ca
    http://www.dss.ca

48. LICENSE
    http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../misc/LICENSE