////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// The University of Illinois/NCSA
// Open Source License (NCSA)
//
// Copyright (c) 2014-2025, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
//
// Developed by:
//
//                 AMD Research and AMD HSA Software Development
//
//                 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
//
//                 www.amd.com
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
// deal with the Software without restriction, including without limitation
// the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
// and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
// Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
//  - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
//    this list of conditions and the following disclaimers.
//  - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimers in
//    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//  - Neither the names of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc,
//    nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
//    products derived from this Software without specific prior written
//    permission.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
// THE CONTRIBUTORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
// OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
// ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
// DEALINGS WITH THE SOFTWARE.
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <climits>
#include <cstring>
#include <regex>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#if defined(__linux__)
#include <link.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <amdgpu_drm.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#else
#define debug_warning(__VA_ARGS__)
#endif
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>

#include "core/inc/runtime.h"
#include "core/inc/hsa_table_interface.h"

#if defined(HSA_ROCPROFILER_REGISTER) && HSA_ROCPROFILER_REGISTER > 0
#include <rocprofiler-register/rocprofiler-register.h>
#endif

#include "core/common/shared.h"
#include "core/inc/amd_core_dump.hpp"
#include "core/inc/amd_cpu_agent.h"
#include "core/inc/amd_gpu_agent.h"
#include "core/inc/amd_memory_region.h"
#include "core/inc/amd_topology.h"
#include "core/inc/exceptions.h"
#include "core/inc/host_queue.h"
#include "core/inc/hsa_api_trace_int.h"
#include "core/inc/hsa_ext_amd_impl.h"
#include "core/inc/hsa_ext_interface.h"
#include "core/inc/interrupt_signal.h"
#include "core/inc/signal.h"
#include "core/util/memory.h"
#include "core/util/os.h"
#include "inc/hsa_ven_amd_aqlprofile.h"

#ifndef HSA_VERSION_MAJOR
#define HSA_VERSION_MAJOR 1
#endif
#ifndef HSA_VERSION_MINOR
#define HSA_VERSION_MINOR 1
#endif
#ifndef HSA_VERSION_PATCH
#define HSA_VERSION_PATCH 0
#endif

#if defined(HSA_ROCPROFILER_REGISTER) && HSA_ROCPROFILER_REGISTER > 0
#define ROCP_REG_VERSION                                                                           \
  ROCPROFILER_REGISTER_COMPUTE_VERSION_3(HSA_VERSION_MAJOR, HSA_VERSION_MINOR, HSA_VERSION_PATCH)

ROCPROFILER_REGISTER_DEFINE_IMPORT(hsa, ROCP_REG_VERSION)
#endif

#if defined(__linux__)
const char rocrbuildid[] __attribute__((used)) = "ROCR BUILD ID: " STRING(ROCR_BUILD_ID);
#else
#include "loader/executable.hpp"
const char rocrbuildid[] = "ROCR BUILD ID: " STRING(ROCR_BUILD_ID);
#endif
extern r_debug _amdgpu_r_debug;

namespace rocr {
extern void _loader_debug_state();
namespace core {
bool g_use_interrupt_wait;
bool g_use_mwaitx;
Runtime* Runtime::runtime_singleton_ = NULL;

hsa_status_t Runtime::Acquire() {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> boot(&bootstrap_lock());

  if (runtime_singleton_ == NULL) {
    memset(log_flags, 0, sizeof(log_flags));
    runtime_singleton_ = new Runtime();
  }

  if (runtime_singleton_->ref_count_ == INT32_MAX) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_REFCOUNT_OVERFLOW;
  }

  runtime_singleton_->ref_count_++;
  MAKE_NAMED_SCOPE_GUARD(refGuard, [&]() { runtime_singleton_->ref_count_--; });

  if (runtime_singleton_->ref_count_ == 1) {
    hsa_status_t status = runtime_singleton_->Load();

    if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
    }
  }

  refGuard.Dismiss();
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::Release() {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> boot(&bootstrap_lock());

  if (runtime_singleton_ == nullptr) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_NOT_INITIALIZED;

  if (runtime_singleton_->ref_count_-- == 1) {
    auto system_event_handlers = runtime_singleton_->GetSystemEventHandlers();

    if (!system_event_handlers.empty()) {
      hsa_amd_event_t system_shutdown_event = {} ;
      system_shutdown_event.event_type = HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN_EVENT;
      /* Remaining fields hsa_amd_event_t are empty */

      for (auto& callback : system_event_handlers) {
        callback.first(&system_shutdown_event, callback.second);
      }
    }
    // Release all registered memory, then unload backends
    runtime_singleton_->Unload();
  }

  if (runtime_singleton_->ref_count_ == 0) {
    delete runtime_singleton_;
    runtime_singleton_ = nullptr;
  }

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

bool Runtime::IsOpen() {
  return (Runtime::runtime_singleton_ != NULL) &&
         (Runtime::runtime_singleton_->ref_count_ != 0);
}

// Register agent information only.  Must not call anything that may use the registered information
// since those tables are incomplete.
void Runtime::RegisterAgent(Agent* agent, bool Enabled) {
  // Record the agent in the node-to-agent reverse lookup table.
  agents_by_node_[agent->node_id()].push_back(agent);

  // Process agent as a CPU, GPU, or AIE device.
  if (agent->device_type() == Agent::DeviceType::kAmdCpuDevice) {
    cpu_agents_.push_back(agent);

    agents_by_gpuid_[0] = agent;

    // Add cpu regions to the system region list.
    for (const core::MemoryRegion* region : agent->regions()) {
      if (region->fine_grain()) {
        system_regions_fine_.push_back(region);
      } else {
        system_regions_coarse_.push_back(region);
      }
    }

    assert(system_regions_fine_.size() > 0);

    // Init default fine grain system region allocator using fine grain
    // system region of the first discovered CPU agent.
    if (cpu_agents_.size() == 1) {
      // Might need memory pooling to cover allocation that
      // requires less than 4096 bytes.

      // Default system pool must support kernarg
      for (auto pool : system_regions_fine_) {
        if (pool->kernarg()) {
          system_allocator_ = [pool](size_t size, size_t alignment,
                                     MemoryRegion::AllocateFlags alloc_flags, int agent_node_id) -> void* {
            assert(alignment <= 4096);
            void* ptr = NULL;
            return (HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS ==
                    core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->AllocateMemory(pool, size, alloc_flags,
                                                                      &ptr, agent_node_id))
                ? ptr
                : NULL;
          };

          system_deallocator_ = [](void* ptr) {
            core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->FreeMemory(ptr);
          };

          BaseShared::SetAllocateAndFree(system_allocator_, system_deallocator_);
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (agent->device_type() == Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice) {
    if (Enabled) {
      gpu_agents_.push_back(agent);
      gpu_ids_.push_back(agent->node_id());
      agents_by_gpuid_[((AMD::GpuAgent*)agent)->KfdGpuID()] = agent;

      // Assign the first discovered gpu agent as region gpu.
      if (region_gpu_ == NULL) region_gpu_ = agent;
    } else {
      disabled_gpu_agents_.push_back(agent);
    }
  } else if (agent->device_type() == Agent::DeviceType::kAmdAieDevice) {
    aie_agents_.push_back(agent);
  }
}

// Register driver.
void Runtime::RegisterDriver(std::unique_ptr<Driver> driver) {
  agent_drivers_.push_back(std::move(driver));
}

void Runtime::DestroyAgents() {
  agents_by_node_.clear();

  std::for_each(gpu_agents_.begin(), gpu_agents_.end(), DeleteObject());
  gpu_agents_.clear();

  std::for_each(disabled_gpu_agents_.begin(), disabled_gpu_agents_.end(), DeleteObject());
  disabled_gpu_agents_.clear();

  gpu_ids_.clear();

  std::for_each(cpu_agents_.begin(), cpu_agents_.end(), DeleteObject());
  cpu_agents_.clear();

  std::for_each(aie_agents_.begin(), aie_agents_.end(), DeleteObject());
  aie_agents_.clear();

  region_gpu_ = NULL;

  system_regions_fine_.clear();
  system_regions_coarse_.clear();
}

void Runtime::DestroyDrivers() {
  agent_drivers_.clear();
}

void Runtime::SetLinkCount(size_t num_nodes) {
  num_nodes_ = num_nodes;
  link_matrix_.resize(num_nodes * num_nodes);
}

void Runtime::RegisterLinkInfo(uint32_t node_id_from, uint32_t node_id_to,
                               uint32_t num_hop, uint32_t rec_sdma_eng_id_mask,
                               hsa_amd_memory_pool_link_info_t& link_info) {
  const uint32_t idx = GetIndexLinkInfo(node_id_from, node_id_to);
  link_matrix_[idx].num_hop = num_hop;
  link_matrix_[idx].rec_sdma_eng_id_mask = rec_sdma_eng_id_mask;
  link_matrix_[idx].info = link_info;

  // Limit the number of hop to 1 since the runtime does not have enough
  // information to share to the user about each hop.
  link_matrix_[idx].num_hop = std::min(link_matrix_[idx].num_hop , 1U);
}

const Runtime::LinkInfo Runtime::GetLinkInfo(uint32_t node_id_from,
                                             uint32_t node_id_to) {
  return (node_id_from != node_id_to)
             ? link_matrix_[GetIndexLinkInfo(node_id_from, node_id_to)]
             : LinkInfo();  // No link.
}

uint32_t Runtime::GetIndexLinkInfo(uint32_t node_id_from, uint32_t node_id_to) {
  return ((node_id_from * num_nodes_) + node_id_to);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::IterateAgent(hsa_status_t (*callback)(hsa_agent_t agent,
                                                            void* data),
                                   void* data) {
  AMD::callback_t<decltype(callback)> call(callback);

  std::vector<core::Agent *> *agent_lists[3] = {&cpu_agents_, &gpu_agents_,
                                                &aie_agents_};
  for (std::vector<core::Agent*>* agent_list : agent_lists) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < agent_list->size(); ++i) {
      hsa_agent_t agent = Agent::Convert(agent_list->at(i));
      hsa_status_t status = call(agent, data);

      if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        return status;
      }
    }
  }

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::AllocateMemory(const MemoryRegion* region, size_t size,
                                     MemoryRegion::AllocateFlags alloc_flags,
                                     void** address, int agent_node_id) {
  size_t size_requested = size;  // region->Allocate(...) may align-up size to granularity
  hsa_status_t status = region->Allocate(size, alloc_flags, address, agent_node_id);
  // Track the allocation result so that it could be freed properly.
  if (status == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
    allocation_map_[*address] = AllocationRegion(region, size, size_requested, alloc_flags);
  }

  return status;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::FreeMemory(void* ptr) {
  if (ptr == nullptr) {
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }

  const MemoryRegion* region = nullptr;
  size_t size = 0;
  std::unique_ptr<std::vector<AllocationRegion::notifier_t>> notifiers;
  MemoryRegion::AllocateFlags alloc_flags = core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNoFlags;

  {
    ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);

    std::map<const void*, AllocationRegion>::iterator it = allocation_map_.find(ptr);

    if (it == allocation_map_.end()) {
      debug_warning(false && "Can't find address in allocation map");
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
    }
    region = it->second.region;
    size = it->second.size;
    alloc_flags = it->second.alloc_flags;

    // Imported fragments can't be released with FreeMemory.
    if (region == nullptr) {
      assert(false && "Can't release imported memory with free.");
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
    }

    notifiers = std::move(it->second.notifiers);

    //track the exporter BO to clear meta data via set_metadata
    //clear the set metadata here if possible if theres an existing ldrm_bo
    if (it->second.ldrm_bo) {
#if defined(__linux__)
      if (!thunkLoader()->IsDXG()) {
        struct amdgpu_bo_info info = {0};
        auto err = DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_query_info(it->second.ldrm_bo, &info));

        //clear metadata
        amdgpu_bo_metadata zero_metadata = {0};
        memset(zero_metadata.umd_metadata, 0, sizeof(uint32_t));
        DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_set_metadata(it->second.ldrm_bo, &zero_metadata));
      }
#else
      assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif
    }

    allocation_map_.erase(it);
  }

  // Notifiers can't run while holding the lock or the callback won't be able to manage memory.
  // The memory triggering the notification has already been removed from the memory map so can't
  // be double released during the callback.
  if (notifiers) {
    for (auto& notifier : *notifiers) {
      notifier.callback(notifier.ptr, notifier.user_data);
    }
  }

  if (alloc_flags & core::MemoryRegion::AllocateAsan)
    assert(HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtReturnAsanHeaderPage(ptr)) == HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

  const hsa_status_t err = region->Free(ptr, size);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    // hsaKmtFreeMemory failed to free this pointer. Throw a memory error event

    // Note: This should be treated as a fatal exception by the System Event Handler because:
    //  - This leaves allocation_map_ in an inconsistent state as this pointer entry has already
    //  been removed.
    //  - We already called back the notifier, but did not actually free.
    //  - We removed the ASAN Header but did not actually free.
    //
    // But this is a very unlikely use case and calling region->Free(..) before updating
    // allocation_map_ would require us to hold the memory_lock_ for much longer and we would not be
    // able to call hsaKmtReturnAsanHeaderPage after calling region->Free(..)

    const core::Agent* agentOwner = region->owner();
    hsa_status_t custom_handler_status = HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
    auto system_event_handlers = runtime_singleton_->GetSystemEventHandlers();

    if (!system_event_handlers.empty()) {
      hsa_amd_event_t memory_error_event;
      memory_error_event.event_type = HSA_AMD_GPU_MEMORY_ERROR_EVENT;
      hsa_amd_gpu_memory_error_info_t& error_info = memory_error_event.memory_error;

      error_info.virtual_address = reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t>(ptr);
      error_info.error_reason_mask = HSA_AMD_MEMORY_ERROR_MEMORY_IN_USE;
      error_info.agent = Agent::Convert(agentOwner);

      for (auto& callback : system_event_handlers) {
        hsa_status_t err = callback.first(&memory_error_event, callback.second);
        if (err == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) custom_handler_status = HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
      }
    }
    // No custom VM fault handler registered or it failed.
    if (custom_handler_status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
      fprintf(stderr,
              "Memory critical error by agent node-%u (Agent handle: %p) on address %p. Reason: "
              "Memory in use. \n",
              agentOwner->node_id(), reinterpret_cast<void*>(agentOwner->public_handle().handle),
              ptr);

      assert(false && "GPU memory error.");
      std::abort();
    }
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
  }

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::RegisterReleaseNotifier(void* ptr, hsa_amd_deallocation_callback_t callback,
                                              void* user_data) {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  auto mem = allocation_map_.upper_bound(ptr);
  if (mem != allocation_map_.begin()) {
    mem--;

    // No support for imported fragments yet.
    if (mem->second.region == nullptr) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

    if ((mem->first <= ptr) &&
        (ptr < reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(mem->first) + mem->second.size)) {
      auto& notifiers = mem->second.notifiers;
      if (!notifiers) notifiers.reset(new std::vector<AllocationRegion::notifier_t>);
      AllocationRegion::notifier_t notifier = {
          ptr, AMD::callback_t<hsa_amd_deallocation_callback_t>(callback), user_data};
      notifiers->push_back(notifier);
      return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::DeregisterReleaseNotifier(void* ptr,
                                                hsa_amd_deallocation_callback_t callback) {
  hsa_status_t ret = HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  auto mem = allocation_map_.upper_bound(ptr);
  if (mem != allocation_map_.begin()) {
    mem--;
    if ((mem->first <= ptr) &&
        (ptr < reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(mem->first) + mem->second.size)) {
      auto& notifiers = mem->second.notifiers;
      if (!notifiers) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < notifiers->size(); i++) {
        if (((*notifiers)[i].ptr == ptr) && ((*notifiers)[i].callback) == callback) {
          (*notifiers)[i] = std::move((*notifiers)[notifiers->size() - 1]);
          notifiers->pop_back();
          i--;
          ret = HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return ret;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::CopyMemory(void* dst, const void* src, size_t size) {
  void* source = const_cast<void*>(src);

  // Choose agents from pointer info
  bool is_src_system = false;
  bool is_dst_system = false;
  core::Agent* src_agent;
  core::Agent* dst_agent;

  // Fetch ownership
  const auto& is_system_mem = [&](void* ptr, core::Agent*& agent, bool& need_lock) {
    hsa_amd_pointer_info_t info = {};
    uint32_t count = 0;
    hsa_agent_t* accessible = nullptr;
    MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() { free(accessible); });
    info.size = sizeof(info);
    hsa_status_t err = PtrInfo(ptr, &info, malloc, &count, &accessible);
    if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(err, "PtrInfo failed in hsa_memory_copy.");
    ptrdiff_t endPtr = (ptrdiff_t)ptr + size;
    if (info.agentBaseAddress <= ptr &&
        endPtr <= (ptrdiff_t)info.agentBaseAddress + info.sizeInBytes) {
      if (info.agentOwner.handle == 0) info.agentOwner = accessible[0];
      agent = core::Agent::Convert(info.agentOwner);
      need_lock = false;
      return agent->device_type() != core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice;
    } else {
      need_lock = true;
      agent = cpu_agents_[0];
      return true;
    }
  };

  bool src_lock, dst_lock;
  is_src_system = is_system_mem(source, src_agent, src_lock);
  is_dst_system = is_system_mem(dst, dst_agent, dst_lock);

  // CPU-CPU
  if (is_src_system && is_dst_system) {
    memcpy(dst, source, size);
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }

  // Same GPU
  if (src_agent->node_id() == dst_agent->node_id()) return dst_agent->DmaCopy(dst, source, size);

  // GPU-CPU
  // Must ensure that system memory is visible to the GPU during the copy.
  const AMD::MemoryRegion* system_region =
      static_cast<const AMD::MemoryRegion*>(system_regions_fine_[0]);

  void* gpuPtr = nullptr;
  const auto& locked_copy = [&](void*& ptr, core::Agent* locking_agent) {
    void* tmp;
    hsa_agent_t agent = locking_agent->public_handle();
    hsa_status_t err = system_region->Lock(1, &agent, ptr, size, 0, &tmp);
    if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) throw AMD::hsa_exception(err, "Lock failed in hsa_memory_copy.");
    gpuPtr = ptr;
    ptr = tmp;
  };

  MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() {
    if (gpuPtr != nullptr) system_region->Unlock(gpuPtr);
  });

  if (src_lock) locked_copy(source, dst_agent);
  if (dst_lock) locked_copy(dst, src_agent);
  if (is_src_system) return dst_agent->DmaCopy(dst, source, size);
  if (is_dst_system) return src_agent->DmaCopy(dst, source, size);

  /*
  GPU-GPU - functional support, not a performance path.

  This goes through system memory because we have to support copying between non-peer GPUs
  and we can't use P2P pointers even if the GPUs are peers.  Because hsa_amd_agents_allow_access
  requires the caller to specify all allowed agents we can't assume that a peer mapped pointer
  would remain mapped for the duration of the copy.
  */
  void* temp = system_allocator_(size, 0, core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNoFlags, 0);
  MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() { system_deallocator_(temp); });
  hsa_status_t err = src_agent->DmaCopy(temp, source, size);
  if (err == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) err = dst_agent->DmaCopy(dst, temp, size);
  return err;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::CopyMemory(void* dst, core::Agent* dst_agent, const void* src,
                                 core::Agent* src_agent, size_t size,
                                 std::vector<core::Signal*>& dep_signals,
                                 core::Signal& completion_signal) {
  auto lookupAgent = [this](core::Agent* agent, const void* ptr) {
    hsa_amd_pointer_info_t info = {};
    PtrInfoBlockData block = {};
    info.size = sizeof(info);
    hsa_status_t err = PtrInfo(ptr, &info, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, &block);
    if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(err, "PtrInfo failed in hsa_memory_copy.");
    // Limit to IPC and GFX types for now.  These are the only types for which the application may
    // not posess a proper agent handle.
    if ((info.type != HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_IPC) && (info.type != HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_GRAPHICS)) {
      return agent;
    }
    return block.agentOwner;
  };

  const bool src_gpu = (src_agent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice);
  core::Agent* copy_agent = (src_gpu) ? src_agent : dst_agent;

  // Lookup owning agent if blit kernel is selected or if flag override is set.
  if ((dst_agent == src_agent) || flag().discover_copy_agents()) {
    dst_agent = lookupAgent(dst_agent, dst);
    src_agent = lookupAgent(src_agent, src);
  }
  return copy_agent->DmaCopy(dst, *dst_agent, src, *src_agent, size, dep_signals,
                             completion_signal);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::CopyMemoryOnEngine(void* dst, core::Agent* dst_agent, const void* src,
                                 core::Agent* src_agent, size_t size,
                                 std::vector<core::Signal*>& dep_signals,
                                 core::Signal& completion_signal,
                                 hsa_amd_sdma_engine_id_t engine_id, bool force_copy_on_sdma) {
  const bool src_gpu = (src_agent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice);
  core::Agent* copy_agent = (src_gpu) ? src_agent : dst_agent;

  // engine_id is single bitset unique.
  int engine_offset = rocr::os::Ffs(engine_id);
  if (!engine_id || !!((engine_id >> engine_offset))) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }

  return copy_agent->DmaCopyOnEngine(dst, *dst_agent, src, *src_agent, size, dep_signals,
                             completion_signal, engine_offset, force_copy_on_sdma);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::CopyMemoryStatus(core::Agent* dst_agent, core::Agent* src_agent,
                                       uint32_t *engine_ids_mask) {
  const bool src_gpu = (src_agent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice);
  core::Agent* copy_agent = (src_gpu) ? src_agent : dst_agent;

  return copy_agent->DmaCopyStatus(*dst_agent, *src_agent, engine_ids_mask);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::GetPreferredEngine(core::Agent* dst_agent, core::Agent* src_agent,
                                         uint32_t* recommended_ids_mask) {
  const bool src_gpu = (src_agent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice);
  core::Agent* copy_agent = (src_gpu) ? src_agent : dst_agent;

  return copy_agent->DmaPreferredEngine(*dst_agent, *src_agent, recommended_ids_mask);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::FillMemory(void* ptr, uint32_t value, size_t count) {
  // Choose blit agent from pointer info
  hsa_amd_pointer_info_t info = {};
  uint32_t agent_count = 0;
  hsa_agent_t* accessible = nullptr;
  info.size = sizeof(info);
  MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() { free(accessible); });
  hsa_status_t err = PtrInfo(ptr, &info, malloc, &agent_count, &accessible);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) return err;

  ptrdiff_t endPtr = (ptrdiff_t)ptr + count * sizeof(uint32_t);

  // Check for GPU fill
  // Selects GPU fill for SVM and Locked allocations if a GPU address is given and is mapped.
  if (info.agentBaseAddress <= ptr &&
      endPtr <= (ptrdiff_t)info.agentBaseAddress + info.sizeInBytes) {
    core::Agent* blit_agent = core::Agent::Convert(info.agentOwner);
    if (blit_agent->device_type() != core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice) {
      blit_agent = nullptr;
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < agent_count; i++) {
        if (core::Agent::Convert(accessible[i])->device_type() ==
            core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice) {
          blit_agent = core::Agent::Convert(accessible[i]);
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (blit_agent) return blit_agent->DmaFill(ptr, value, count);
  }

  // Host and unmapped SVM addresses copy via host.
  if (info.hostBaseAddress <= ptr && endPtr <= (ptrdiff_t)info.hostBaseAddress + info.sizeInBytes) {
    memset(ptr, value, count * sizeof(uint32_t));
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }

  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::AllowAccess(uint32_t num_agents,
                                  const hsa_agent_t* agents, const void* ptr) {
  const AMD::MemoryRegion* amd_region = NULL;
  size_t alloc_size = 0;

  {
    ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);

    std::map<const void*, AllocationRegion>::const_iterator it = allocation_map_.find(ptr);

    if (it == allocation_map_.end()) {
      /* See if this address was mapped via VMM */
      return VMemoryMapAllowAccess(ptr, HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_RW, agents,
                                   num_agents);
    }

    amd_region = reinterpret_cast<const AMD::MemoryRegion*>(it->second.region);

    // Imported IPC handle entries inside allocation_map_ do not have an amd_region because they
    // were allocated in the other process. Access is already granted during IPCAttach().
    if (!amd_region)
      return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    alloc_size = it->second.size;
  }

  return amd_region->AllowAccess(num_agents, agents, ptr, alloc_size);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::GetSystemInfo(hsa_system_info_t attribute, void* value) {
  switch (attribute) {
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_VERSION_MAJOR:
      *((uint16_t*)value) = HSA_VERSION_MAJOR;
      break;
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_VERSION_MINOR:
      *((uint16_t*)value) = HSA_VERSION_MINOR;
      break;
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_TIMESTAMP: {
      *((uint64_t*)value) = os::ReadSystemClock();
      break;
    }
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_TIMESTAMP_FREQUENCY: {
      assert(sys_clock_freq_ != 0 &&
             "Use of HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_TIMESTAMP_FREQUENCY before HSA "
             "initialization completes.");
      *(uint64_t*)value = sys_clock_freq_;
      break;
    }
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_SIGNAL_MAX_WAIT:
      *((uint64_t*)value) = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
      break;
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_ENDIANNESS:
#if defined(HSA_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
      *((hsa_endianness_t*)value) = HSA_ENDIANNESS_LITTLE;
#else
      *((hsa_endianness_t*)value) = HSA_ENDIANNESS_BIG;
#endif
      break;
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_MACHINE_MODEL:
#if defined(HSA_LARGE_MODEL)
      *((hsa_machine_model_t*)value) = HSA_MACHINE_MODEL_LARGE;
#else
      *((hsa_machine_model_t*)value) = HSA_MACHINE_MODEL_SMALL;
#endif
      break;
    case HSA_SYSTEM_INFO_EXTENSIONS: {
      memset(value, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * 128);

      auto setFlag = [&](uint32_t bit) {
        assert(bit < 128 * 8 && "Extension value exceeds extension bitmask");
        uint index = bit / 8;
        uint subBit = bit % 8;
        ((uint8_t*)value)[index] |= 1 << subBit;
      };

      if (hsa_internal_api_table().finalizer_api.hsa_ext_program_finalize_fn != NULL) {
        setFlag(HSA_EXTENSION_FINALIZER);
      }

      if (hsa_internal_api_table().image_api.hsa_ext_image_create_fn != NULL) {
        setFlag(HSA_EXTENSION_IMAGES);
      }

      if (os::LibHandle lib = os::LoadLib(kAqlProfileLib)) {
        os::CloseLib(lib);
        setFlag(HSA_EXTENSION_AMD_AQLPROFILE);
      }

      setFlag(HSA_EXTENSION_AMD_PROFILER);

      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_BUILD_VERSION: {
      *(const char**)value = STRING(ROCR_BUILD_ID);
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_SVM_SUPPORTED: {
      bool ret = true;
      for (auto agent : gpu_agents_) {
        AMD::GpuAgent* gpu = (AMD::GpuAgent*)agent;
        ret &= (gpu->properties().Capability.ui32.SVMAPISupported == 1);
      }
      *(bool*)value = ret;
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_SVM_ACCESSIBLE_BY_DEFAULT: {
      bool ret = true;
      for(auto agent : gpu_agents_)
        ret &= (agent->supported_isas()[0]->GetXnack() == IsaFeature::Enabled);
      *(bool*)value = ret;
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_MWAITX_ENABLED: {
      *((bool*)value) = g_use_mwaitx;
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_DMABUF_SUPPORTED: {
      auto kfd_version = core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->KfdVersion().version;

      // Implemented in KFD in 1.12
      if (kfd_version.KernelInterfaceMajorVersion > 1 ||
          (kfd_version.KernelInterfaceMajorVersion == 1 &&
              kfd_version.KernelInterfaceMinorVersion >= 12))
        *(reinterpret_cast<bool*>(value)) = true;
      else
        *(reinterpret_cast<bool*>(value)) = false;
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_VIRTUAL_MEM_API_SUPPORTED: {
      *((bool*)value) = core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->VirtualMemApiSupported();
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_XNACK_ENABLED: {
      *((bool*)value) = core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->XnackEnabled();
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_EXT_VERSION_MAJOR: {
      *((uint16_t*)value) = HSA_AMD_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR;
      break;
    }
    case HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_EXT_VERSION_MINOR: {
      *((uint16_t*)value) = HSA_AMD_INTERFACE_VERSION_MINOR;
      break;
    }
    default:
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::SetAsyncSignalHandler(hsa_signal_t signal,
                                            hsa_signal_condition_t cond,
                                            hsa_signal_value_t value,
                                            hsa_amd_signal_handler handler,
                                            void* arg) {
  bool exception = false;

  if (signal.handle) {
    // Indicate that this signal is in use.
    hsa_signal_handle(signal)->Retain();

    core::Signal* coreSignal = core::Signal::Convert(signal);
    exception = !!(coreSignal->EopEvent() && coreSignal->EopEvent()->EventData.EventType != HSA_EVENTTYPE_SIGNAL);
  }

  // Lazy initializer asyncExceptions_ and asyncSignals_ will be constructed on first dereference
  struct AsyncEventsInfo* asyncInfo = exception ? (*asyncExceptions_).get() : (*asyncSignals_).get();

  asyncInfo->new_events.PushBack(signal, cond, value, handler, arg);

  hsa_signal_handle(asyncInfo->control.wake)->StoreRelease(1);

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::InteropMap(uint32_t num_agents, Agent** agents,
                                 hsa_handle_t interop_handle,
                                 uint32_t flags,
                                 size_t* size, void** ptr,
                                 size_t* metadata_size, const void** metadata) {
  static const int tinyArraySize=8;
  HsaGraphicsResourceInfo info;

  HSAuint32 short_nodes[tinyArraySize];
  HSAuint32* nodes = short_nodes;

  static_assert(sizeof(HSAint64) >= sizeof(interop_handle),
                "HSAint64 too small for interop_handle");
  HSAint64 resource_handle =
#ifdef _WIN32
      static_cast<HSAint64>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(interop_handle));
#else
      static_cast<HSAint64>(interop_handle);
#endif

  if (num_agents > tinyArraySize) {
    nodes = new HSAuint32[num_agents];
    if (nodes == NULL) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
  }
  MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() {
    if (num_agents > tinyArraySize) delete[] nodes;
  });

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_agents; i++) {
    if (agents[i]->driver().kernel_driver_type_ != DriverType::KFD) {
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT;
    }
    agents[i]->GetInfo(static_cast<hsa_agent_info_t>(HSA_AMD_AGENT_INFO_DRIVER_NODE_ID), &nodes[i]);
  }

  if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtRegisterGraphicsHandleToNodes(resource_handle, &info, num_agents,
                                          nodes)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

  assert(num_agents > 0);
  auto& driver = agents[0]->driver();

  uint64_t altAddress;
  HsaMemMapFlags map_flags;
  map_flags.Value = 0;
  map_flags.ui32.PageSize = HSA_PAGE_SIZE_64KB;
  if (driver.MakeMemoryResident(info.MemoryAddress, info.SizeInBytes, &altAddress, &map_flags,
                                num_agents, nodes) != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    map_flags.ui32.PageSize = HSA_PAGE_SIZE_4KB;
    if (driver.MakeMemoryResident(info.MemoryAddress, info.SizeInBytes, &altAddress, &map_flags,
                                  num_agents, nodes) != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
      driver.DeregisterMemory(info.MemoryAddress);
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
    }
  }

  if (metadata_size != NULL) *metadata_size = info.MetadataSizeInBytes;
  if (metadata != NULL) *metadata = info.Metadata;

  *size = info.SizeInBytes;
  *ptr = info.MemoryAddress;

  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  allocation_map_[info.MemoryAddress] = AllocationRegion(
      nullptr, info.SizeInBytes, info.SizeInBytes, core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNoFlags);

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::InteropUnmap(void* ptr) {
  auto& driver = core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->AgentDriver(DriverType::KFD);

  hsa_status_t err = driver.MakeMemoryUnresident(ptr);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

  err = driver.DeregisterMemory(ptr);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* This should be called memory_lock_ held */
Runtime::AddressHandle* Runtime::VMemoryFindReservedAddressHandle(const void* va) {
  auto reservedAddressIt = reserved_address_map_.upper_bound(va);
  if (reservedAddressIt != reserved_address_map_.begin()) {
    reservedAddressIt--;
    if ((reservedAddressIt->first <= va) &&
        ((reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(va)) <=
         (reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(reservedAddressIt->first) +
          reservedAddressIt->second.size))) {
      return &(reservedAddressIt->second);
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

/* This should be called memory_lock_ held */
hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryPtrInfo(const void* ptr, hsa_amd_pointer_info_t* info,
                                     void* (*alloc)(size_t), uint32_t* num_agents_accessible,
                                     hsa_agent_t** accessible) {
  /* Check if this memory was allocated via VMM */
  auto mappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.upper_bound(ptr);
  if (mappedHandleIt != mapped_handle_map_.begin()) {
    mappedHandleIt--;

    if ((reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(mappedHandleIt->first) + mappedHandleIt->second.size) >
        ptr) {
      /* Allocation found */
      info->type = HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_HSA_VMEM;
      info->agentBaseAddress = const_cast<void*>(ptr);
      info->hostBaseAddress = const_cast<void*>(ptr);
      info->sizeInBytes = mappedHandleIt->second.size;
      info->registered = true;
      info->agentOwner = mappedHandleIt->second.mem_handle->agentOwner()->public_handle();

      if (alloc && num_agents_accessible && accessible) {
        std::vector<hsa_agent_t> allowed_agents;

        for (auto agentPermsIt = mappedHandleIt->second.allowed_agents.begin();
             agentPermsIt != mappedHandleIt->second.allowed_agents.end(); agentPermsIt++) {
          if ((*agentPermsIt).second.permissions != HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE)
            allowed_agents.push_back((*agentPermsIt).second.targetAgent->public_handle());
        }

        AMD::callback_t<decltype(alloc)> Alloc(alloc);

        *accessible = (hsa_agent_t*)Alloc(sizeof(hsa_agent_t) * allowed_agents.size());
        if ((*accessible) == nullptr) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;

        *num_agents_accessible = allowed_agents.size();
        memcpy(*accessible, allowed_agents.data(), sizeof(hsa_agent_t) * allowed_agents.size());
      }

      return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }
  }

  /* This is not a mapped address. Check if it is a reserved address range */
  auto addressHandle = VMemoryFindReservedAddressHandle(ptr);
  if (addressHandle) {
    info->type = HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_RESERVED_ADDR;
    info->agentBaseAddress = NULL;
    info->hostBaseAddress = addressHandle->os_addr;
    info->sizeInBytes = addressHandle->size;
    info->registered = addressHandle->registered;
    info->agentOwner = {};

    if (num_agents_accessible) {
      *num_agents_accessible = 0;
    }
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }
  /* Allocation not found */
  info->type = HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_UNKNOWN;

  /* This is a helper function, return error to indicate ptr not found */
  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::PtrInfo(const void* ptr, hsa_amd_pointer_info_t* info, void* (*alloc)(size_t),
                              uint32_t* num_agents_accessible, hsa_agent_t** accessible,
                              PtrInfoBlockData* block_info) {
  static_assert(static_cast<int>(HSA_POINTER_UNKNOWN) == static_cast<int>(HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_UNKNOWN),
                "Thunk pointer info mismatch");
  static_assert(static_cast<int>(HSA_POINTER_ALLOCATED) == static_cast<int>(HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_HSA),
                "Thunk pointer info mismatch");
  static_assert(static_cast<int>(HSA_POINTER_REGISTERED_USER) == static_cast<int>(HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_LOCKED),
                "Thunk pointer info mismatch");
  static_assert(static_cast<int>(HSA_POINTER_REGISTERED_GRAPHICS) == static_cast<int>(HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_GRAPHICS),
                "Thunk pointer info mismatch");

  HsaPointerInfo thunkInfo;
  uint32_t* mappedNodes;

  hsa_amd_pointer_info_t retInfo = {0};

  // check output struct has an initialized size.
  if (info->size == 0) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

  retInfo.size = Min(size_t(info->size), sizeof(hsa_amd_pointer_info_t));

  bool returnListData =
      ((alloc != nullptr) && (num_agents_accessible != nullptr) && (accessible != nullptr));

  bool allocation_map_entry_found = false;

  {  // memory_lock protects access to the NMappedNodes array and fragment user data since these may
     // change with calls to memory APIs.
    ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);

    if (VMemoryPtrInfo(ptr, &retInfo, alloc, num_agents_accessible, accessible) ==
        HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
      /*
       * For SVM allocations, the VA is reserved using hsa_amd_vmem_address_reserve with
       * HSA_AMD_VMEM_ADDRESS_NO_REGISTER flag. So for SVM allocations, we do not return
       * yet as we can check whether this address was registered via hsa_amd_svm_attributes_set
       * and provide additional information from hsaKmtQueryPointerInfo.
       */
      if (!(retInfo.type == HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_RESERVED_ADDR && !retInfo.registered)) {
        memcpy(info, &retInfo, retInfo.size);
        return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
      }
    }

    // We don't care if this returns an error code.
    // The type will be HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_UNKNOWN if so.
    auto err = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtQueryPointerInfo(ptr, &thunkInfo));
    if (err != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS || thunkInfo.Type == HSA_POINTER_UNKNOWN) {
      if (retInfo.type == HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_RESERVED_ADDR) {
        /* This is an address that was reserved using hsa_amd_vmem_address_reserve with
         * the HSA_AMD_VMEM_ADDRESS_NO_REGISTER flag, but the address was not registered
         * with hsa_amd_svm_attributes_set. So we return the contents of retInfo that
         * were previously filled with VMemoryPtrInfo.
         */
        memcpy(info, &retInfo, retInfo.size);
        return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
      }
      retInfo.type = HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
      memcpy(info, &retInfo, retInfo.size);
      return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    if (returnListData) {
      assert(thunkInfo.NMappedNodes <= agents_by_node_.size() &&
             "PointerInfo: Thunk returned more than all agents in NMappedNodes.");
      mappedNodes = (uint32_t*)alloca(thunkInfo.NMappedNodes * sizeof(uint32_t));
      memcpy(mappedNodes, thunkInfo.MappedNodes, thunkInfo.NMappedNodes * sizeof(uint32_t));
    }
    retInfo.type = (hsa_amd_pointer_type_t)thunkInfo.Type;
    retInfo.agentBaseAddress = reinterpret_cast<void*>(thunkInfo.GPUAddress);
    retInfo.hostBaseAddress = thunkInfo.CPUAddress;
    retInfo.sizeInBytes = thunkInfo.SizeInBytes;
    retInfo.registered = true;
    retInfo.userData = thunkInfo.UserData;
    retInfo.global_flags = thunkInfo.MemFlags.ui32.CoarseGrain
        ? HSA_AMD_MEMORY_POOL_GLOBAL_FLAG_COARSE_GRAINED
        : HSA_AMD_MEMORY_POOL_GLOBAL_FLAG_FINE_GRAINED;
    retInfo.global_flags |=
        thunkInfo.MemFlags.ui32.Uncached ? HSA_AMD_MEMORY_POOL_GLOBAL_FLAG_KERNARG_INIT : 0;
    if (block_info != nullptr) {
      // Block_info reports the thunk allocation from which we may have suballocated.
      // For locked memory we want to return the host address since hostBaseAddress is used to
      // manipulate locked memory and it is possible that hostBaseAddress is different from
      // agentBaseAddress.
      // For device memory, hostBaseAddress is either equal to agentBaseAddress or is NULL when the
      // CPU does not have access.
      assert((retInfo.hostBaseAddress || retInfo.agentBaseAddress) && "Thunk pointer info returned no base address.");
      block_info->base = (retInfo.hostBaseAddress ? retInfo.hostBaseAddress : retInfo.agentBaseAddress);
      block_info->length = retInfo.sizeInBytes;

      // Report the owning agent, even if such an agent is not usable in the process.
      auto nodeAgents = agents_by_node_.find(thunkInfo.Node);
      assert(nodeAgents != agents_by_node_.end() && "Node id not found!");
      block_info->agentOwner = nodeAgents->second[0];
    }
    auto fragment = allocation_map_.upper_bound(ptr);
    if (fragment != allocation_map_.begin()) {
      fragment--;
      if ((fragment->first <= ptr) &&
          (ptr < reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(fragment->first) + fragment->second.size_requested)) {
        // agent and host address must match here. Only lock memory is allowed to have differing
        // addresses but lock memory has type HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_LOCKED and cannot be
        // suballocated.
        retInfo.agentBaseAddress = const_cast<void*>(fragment->first);
        retInfo.hostBaseAddress = retInfo.agentBaseAddress;
        retInfo.sizeInBytes = fragment->second.size_requested;
        retInfo.userData = fragment->second.user_ptr;
        allocation_map_entry_found = true;
      }
    }
  }  // end lock scope

  // Return type UNKNOWN for released fragments.  Do not report the underlying block info to users!
  if ((!allocation_map_entry_found) &&
      ((retInfo.type == HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_HSA) || (retInfo.type == HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_IPC))) {
    retInfo.type = HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  }

  // IPC and Graphics memory may come from a node that does not have an agent in this process.
  // Ex. ROCR_VISIBLE_DEVICES or peer GPU is not supported by ROCm.
  retInfo.agentOwner.handle = 0;
  auto nodeAgents = agents_by_node_.find(thunkInfo.Node);
  assert(nodeAgents != agents_by_node_.end() && "Node id not found!");
  for (auto agent : nodeAgents->second) {
    if (agent->Enabled()) {
      retInfo.agentOwner = agent->public_handle();
      break;
    }
  }

  // Correct agentOwner for locked memory.  Thunk reports the GPU that owns the
  // alias but users are expecting to see a CPU when the memory is system.
  if (retInfo.type == HSA_EXT_POINTER_TYPE_LOCKED) {
    if ((nodeAgents == agents_by_node_.end()) ||
        (nodeAgents->second[0]->device_type() != core::Agent::kAmdCpuDevice)) {
      retInfo.agentOwner = cpu_agents_[0]->public_handle();
    }
  }

  memcpy(info, &retInfo, retInfo.size);

  if (returnListData) {
    uint32_t count = 0;
    for (HSAuint32 i = 0; i < thunkInfo.NMappedNodes; i++) {
      assert(mappedNodes[i] <= max_node_id() &&
             "PointerInfo: Invalid node ID returned from thunk.");
      count += agents_by_node_[mappedNodes[i]].size();
    }

    AMD::callback_t<decltype(alloc)> Alloc(alloc);
    *accessible = (hsa_agent_t*)Alloc(sizeof(hsa_agent_t) * count);
    if ((*accessible) == nullptr) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
    *num_agents_accessible = count;

    uint32_t index = 0;
    for (HSAuint32 i = 0; i < thunkInfo.NMappedNodes; i++) {
      auto& list = agents_by_node_[mappedNodes[i]];
      for (auto agent : list) {
        (*accessible)[index] = agent->public_handle();
        index++;
      }
    }
  }

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::SetPtrInfoData(const void* ptr, void* userptr) {
  {  // Use allocation map if possible to handle fragments.
    ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
    const auto& it = allocation_map_.find(ptr);
    if (it != allocation_map_.end()) {
      it->second.user_ptr = userptr;
      return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }
  }
  // Cover entries not in the allocation map (graphics, lock,...)
  if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtSetMemoryUserData(ptr, userptr)) == HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
}

// Send the dmabuf_fd to from process via Unix socket
static int SendDmaBufFd(int socket, int dmabuf_fd) {
#if defined(__linux__)
  char iov_buf[1];
  struct msghdr msg = {0};
  char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(dmabuf_fd))];

  memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
  memset(iov_buf, 0, sizeof(iov_buf));
  iov_buf[0] = 'y';

  struct iovec io = {.iov_base = iov_buf, .iov_len = 1};

  msg.msg_iov = &io;
  msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
  msg.msg_control = buf;
  msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(buf);

  struct cmsghdr* cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
  cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
  cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
  cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(dmabuf_fd));

  memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &dmabuf_fd, sizeof(dmabuf_fd));

  msg.msg_controllen = CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(dmabuf_fd));

  ssize_t sent = sendmsg(socket, &msg, 0);

  return (sent < 0) ? -1 : 0;
#else
  assert(!"Unimplemented!");
  return 0;
#endif
}

// Receive the dmabuf_fd to from process via Unix socket
static int ReceiveDmaBufFd(int socket) {
#if defined(__linux__)
  struct msghdr msg = {0};

  // The struct iovec is needed, even if it points to minimal data
  char m_buffer[1];
  struct iovec io = {.iov_base = m_buffer, .iov_len = sizeof(m_buffer)};
  msg.msg_iov = &io;
  msg.msg_iovlen = 1;

  char c_buffer[256];
  msg.msg_control = c_buffer;
  msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(c_buffer);

  ssize_t rcv = recvmsg(socket, &msg, MSG_WAITALL);
  if (rcv < 0) return -1;

  while (!rcv)
    rcv = recvmsg(socket, &msg, MSG_WAITALL);

  struct cmsghdr* cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);

  int fd;
  memcpy(&fd, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(fd));

  return fd;
#else
  assert(!"Unimplemented!");
  return 0;
#endif
}

#define IPC_SOCK_SERVER_DMABUF_FD_HANDLE_LENGTH 64
#define IPC_SOCK_SERVER_NAME_LENGTH 32
#define IPC_SOCK_SERVER_CONN_CLOSE_HANDLE UINT64_MAX
void Runtime::AsyncIPCSockServerConnLoop(void*) {
   auto& ipc_sock_server_fd_ = runtime_singleton_->ipc_sock_server_fd_;
   auto& ipc_sock_server_conns_ = runtime_singleton_->ipc_sock_server_conns_;
   auto& ipc_sock_server_lock_ = runtime_singleton_->ipc_sock_server_lock_;

   int connection_fd;
   char buf[IPC_SOCK_SERVER_DMABUF_FD_HANDLE_LENGTH];
   // Wait until the client has connected
   while (1) {
     connection_fd = accept(ipc_sock_server_fd_, NULL, NULL);
     if (connection_fd == -1) continue;
     MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() { close(connection_fd); });
     if (read(connection_fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) == -1)
       continue;

     // Request to kill the server.
     uint64_t conn_handle = strtoull(buf, NULL, 10);
     if (conn_handle == IPC_SOCK_SERVER_CONN_CLOSE_HANDLE)
       break;

     int dmabuf_fd = -1;
     uint64_t fragOffset;
     void *ptr = NULL;
     size_t len = 0;

     // Search for registered export pointer
     ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> lock(&ipc_sock_server_lock_);
     for (auto& conns : ipc_sock_server_conns_) {
       if (conn_handle == conns.first) {
         ptr = reinterpret_cast<void *>(conn_handle);
         len = conns.second;
         break;
       }
     }

     if (!ptr) continue;

     // Export DMA Buf FD and wait for client import
     int err = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtExportDMABufHandle(ptr, len, &dmabuf_fd, &fragOffset));
     if (err != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS) continue;
     SendDmaBufFd(connection_fd, dmabuf_fd);
     err = read(connection_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
     close(dmabuf_fd);
     if (err == -1) break; // Client failed to confirm import so end server
   }

   // Clean up
   ipc_sock_server_conns_.clear();
   close(ipc_sock_server_fd_);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::IPCCreate(void* ptr, size_t len, hsa_amd_ipc_memory_t* handle) {
  static_assert(sizeof(hsa_amd_ipc_memory_t) == sizeof(HsaSharedMemoryHandle),
                "Thunk IPC mismatch.");

  static const size_t pageSize = 4096;

  // Reject sharing allocations larger than ~8TB due to thunk limitations.
  if (len > 0x7FFFFFFF000ull) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  memset(handle->handle, 0, sizeof(handle->handle));

  // Check for fragment sharing.
  PtrInfoBlockData block = {};
  hsa_amd_pointer_info_t info = {};
  info.size = sizeof(info);
  if (PtrInfo(ptr, &info, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, &block) != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

  if (info.agentBaseAddress != ptr || info.sizeInBytes != len)
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

  bool useFrag = (block.base != ptr || block.length != len);
  // Assume all pointers and blocks are 4Kb aligned.
  uint32_t fragOffset = (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(ptr) -
                         reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(block.base))/pageSize;
  if (useFrag) {
    if (!IsMultipleOf(block.base, 2 * 1024 * 1024)) {
      assert(false && "Fragment's block not aligned to 2MB!");
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
    }
  }

  if (!ipc_dmabuf_supported_) {
    HsaSharedMemoryHandle *sHandle = reinterpret_cast<HsaSharedMemoryHandle*>(handle);
    if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtShareMemory(block.base, block.length, sHandle)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

    hsa_status_t err = HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    if (useFrag) {
      handle->handle[6] |= 0x80000000 | fragOffset;
      // Prevent realloction of fragment for better performance.
      ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex::Shared> lock(memory_lock_.shared());
      err = allocation_map_[ptr].region->IPCFragmentExport(ptr);
      assert(err == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS && "Region inconsistent with address map.");
    }
    return err;
  }

  // User ptr as dmabuf FD handle ID for client to request the actual dmabuf FD.
  uint32_t dmaBufFdHandleLo = (reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(ptr) & 0xffffffff);
  uint32_t dmaBufFdHandleHi = (reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(ptr) >> 32);
  handle->handle[0] = dmaBufFdHandleLo;
  handle->handle[1] = dmaBufFdHandleHi;
  handle->handle[2] = getpid(); // socket server name handle

  Agent *agent = Agent::Convert(info.agentOwner);
  handle->handle[3] = agent->device_type() == Agent::kAmdCpuDevice;
  // System sub allocations are not supported for now.
  if (handle->handle[3] && useFrag) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  handle->handle[4] = agent->node_id();
  if (useFrag) handle->handle[6] |= 0x80000000 | fragOffset;

  // Work around to defer export on import call to minimize FD creation.
  // Without this, a deferred export may fail due to the kernel mode driver not
  // holding the GEM object reference.
  // Export the dmabuf then close the file to get the reference to ensure the
  // deferred export will not run into this problem.
  int dmabuf_fd;
  uint64_t dmabufOffset;
  hsa_status_t err = agent->driver().ExportDMABuf(ptr, len, &dmabuf_fd, &dmabufOffset);
  assert(dmabufOffset/pageSize == fragOffset && "DMA Buf inconsistent with pointer offset.");
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) return err;

  if (agent->device_type() == Agent::kAmdGpuDevice) {
#if defined(__linux__)
    if (!thunkLoader()->IsDXG()) {
      AMD::GpuAgent* agent_ = reinterpret_cast<AMD::GpuAgent*>(agent);
      amdgpu_bo_import_result res;

      srand(static_cast<uint32_t>(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count()));
      handle->handle[7] = rand();

      //libdrm import for buffer object handle
      if (DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_import(agent_->libDrmDev(), amdgpu_bo_handle_type_dma_buf_fd, dmabuf_fd, &res))) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error in amdgpu_bo_import\n");
        return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
      }

      //query buffer object for pre existing metadata
      struct amdgpu_bo_info info = {0};
      if (!DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_query_info(res.buf_handle, &info)) && !!info.metadata.size_metadata) {
        handle->handle[7] = info.metadata.umd_metadata[0];
      } else {
        amdgpu_bo_metadata buf_info = {0};
        buf_info.size_metadata = sizeof(uint32_t);
        buf_info.umd_metadata[0] = handle->handle[7];

        DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_set_metadata(res.buf_handle, &buf_info));
        allocation_map_[ptr].ldrm_bo = res.buf_handle;
      }
    }
#else
    assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif
  }

  close(dmabuf_fd);

  ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> lock(&ipc_sock_server_lock_);
#if defined(__linux__)
  if (!ipc_sock_server_conns_.size()) { // create new runtime socket server
    struct sockaddr_un address;
    ipc_sock_server_fd_ = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    assert(ipc_sock_server_fd_ > -1 && "DMA buffer could not be exported for IPC!");
    if (ipc_sock_server_fd_ == -1) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

    // Use the PID as unique socket server name.
    char socketName[IPC_SOCK_SERVER_NAME_LENGTH];
    snprintf(socketName, IPC_SOCK_SERVER_NAME_LENGTH, "xhsa%i", handle->handle[2]);

    // Initialize os socket server with client acceptance limit.
    // Socket servers sill serialize connections and drop connections over the listen limit.
    // The client can try and reconnect and it's unlikely that INT_MAX concurrent
    // connections will occur.
    memset(&address, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
    address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    strncpy(address.sun_path, socketName, IPC_SOCK_SERVER_NAME_LENGTH);
    address.sun_path[0] = 0; // first NULL char creates unlisted abstract socket
    int err = bind(ipc_sock_server_fd_, (struct sockaddr *)&address, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
    assert(!err && "Connection to export DMA buffer not made!");
    if (err) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
    err = listen(ipc_sock_server_fd_, 1);
    assert(!err && "Connection to export DMA buffer not made!");
    if (err) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

    // Spin server client acceptance into a socket server thread.
    // Socket server needs to last for the lifetime of the runtime instance
    // as the attach life cycle is unknown.
    os::CreateThread(AsyncIPCSockServerConnLoop, NULL);
  }
#else
  assert(!"Unimplemented! Do we really need this?");
#endif
  ipc_sock_server_conns_[reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(ptr)] = len;

  // TODO: fragment block discard for better memory performance causes memory violations
  // with DMABuf export even when synchronously called. Bypass for now.

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

int Runtime::IPCClientImport(uint32_t conn_handle, uint64_t dmabuf_fd_handle,
                             unsigned int numNodes, HSAuint32 *nodes,
                             void **importAddress, HSAuint64 *importSize, bool isDmabufSysmem) {
    int dmabuf_fd = -1, socket_fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    assert(socket_fd > -1 && "DMA buffer could not be imported for IPC!");
    if (socket_fd == -1) return -1;

    // Set 10 second timeout for ReceiveDmaBufFd
    struct timeval tv;
    tv.tv_sec = 10;
    tv.tv_usec = 0;
    int status = setsockopt(socket_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, (const char*)&tv, sizeof(tv));
    assert(status == 0 && "DMA buffer FD could not be received for IPC!");
    if (status) return -1;

    char buf[IPC_SOCK_SERVER_DMABUF_FD_HANDLE_LENGTH];
    memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
    int timeoutLimitMs = 10000, timeoutMs = 0, timeoutIntervalMs = 1;
#if defined(__linux__)
    struct sockaddr_un address;
    memset(&address, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
    address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    snprintf(address.sun_path, IPC_SOCK_SERVER_NAME_LENGTH, "xhsa%i", conn_handle);
    address.sun_path[0] = 0; // first NULL char creates unlisted abstract socket

    while (timeoutMs < timeoutLimitMs) {
      if (connect(socket_fd, (struct sockaddr *) &address, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un))) {
        timeoutMs  += timeoutIntervalMs;
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(timeoutIntervalMs));
      } else {
        break;
      }
    }
#else
    assert(!"Unimplmented!");
#endif
    MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() { close(socket_fd); });

    if (timeoutMs >= timeoutLimitMs) return -1;

    // Ping server to export and send DMABUF FD on handle
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%li", dmabuf_fd_handle);
    if (write(socket_fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) == -1) return -1;

    if (dmabuf_fd_handle == IPC_SOCK_SERVER_CONN_CLOSE_HANDLE) return 0;

    dmabuf_fd = ReceiveDmaBufFd(socket_fd);
    if (dmabuf_fd == -1) return -1;

    amdgpu_bo_import_result res = {0};
    HsaGraphicsResourceInfo info;
    HSA_REGISTER_MEM_FLAGS regFlags;
    regFlags.ui32.requiresVAddr = !isDmabufSysmem;
    int err = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtRegisterGraphicsHandleToNodesExt(dmabuf_fd, &info, numNodes, nodes, regFlags));
    if (err == HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
      *importAddress = info.MemoryAddress;
      *importSize = info.SizeInBytes;

      if (isDmabufSysmem)
        HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtDeregisterMemory(*importAddress));

      AMD::GpuAgent* agent = reinterpret_cast<AMD::GpuAgent*>(agents_by_node_[info.NodeId][0]);
      err = DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_import(agent->libDrmDev(), amdgpu_bo_handle_type_dma_buf_fd,
                              dmabuf_fd, &res));

      // Store the buffer object handle in allocation map for later use
      if (err == HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
        allocation_map_[*importAddress] =
            AllocationRegion(nullptr, *importSize, *importSize, core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNoFlags);
        allocation_map_[*importAddress].ldrm_bo = res.buf_handle;
      }
      close(dmabuf_fd);
    }

    // Ping socket server to close exporter
    if (write(socket_fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) == -1) return -1;
    return err;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::IPCAttach(const hsa_amd_ipc_memory_t* handle, size_t len, uint32_t num_agents,
                                Agent** agents, void** mapped_ptr) {
  static const int tinyArraySize = 8;
  void* importAddress;
  HSAuint64 importSize;
  uint64_t dmaBufFDHandle = 0;
  hsa_amd_ipc_memory_t importHandle = *handle;

  // Extract fragment info
  bool isFragment = false;
  uint32_t fragOffset = 0;

  auto fixFragment = [&](amdgpu_bo_handle ldrm_bo) {
    if (isFragment) {
      importAddress = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(importAddress) + fragOffset;
      len = Min(len, importSize - fragOffset);
    }
    ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
    allocation_map_[importAddress] =
        AllocationRegion(nullptr, len, len, core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNoFlags);
    allocation_map_[importAddress].ldrm_bo = ldrm_bo;
  };

  auto importMemory = [&](unsigned int numNodes, HSAuint32 *nodes, bool isSysMem) {

      int ret = ipc_dmabuf_supported_ ? IPCClientImport(importHandle.handle[2], dmaBufFDHandle, numNodes,
                                                        nodes, &importAddress, &importSize, isSysMem) :
                                                        HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtRegisterSharedHandle(
                                                        reinterpret_cast<const HsaSharedMemoryHandle*>(&importHandle),
                                                        &importAddress, &importSize
                                                        ));

      if (ret) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
      if (ipc_dmabuf_supported_ && !isSysMem) {
#if defined(__linux__)
        if (!thunkLoader()->IsDXG()) {
          // use the bo from the allocation map
          // Only check metadata for GPU memory
          struct amdgpu_bo_info info = {0};
          int ret = DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_query_info(allocation_map_[importAddress].ldrm_bo, &info));

          // Validate metadata for IPC handle
          if (ret || info.metadata.umd_metadata[0] != importHandle.handle[7]) {
              fprintf(stderr, "IPC Attach: Invalid IPC handle! %u and %u\n", importHandle.handle[7], info.metadata.umd_metadata[0]);
              return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
          }
        }
#else
        assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif
      }
      return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    };

  auto mapMemoryToNodes = [&](unsigned int numNodes, HSAuint32 *nodes) {
    HSAuint64 altAddress;
    if (!numNodes) {
      if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtMapMemoryToGPU(importAddress, importSize, &altAddress)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtDeregisterMemory(importAddress));
        return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
      }
    } else {
      HsaMemMapFlags map_flags;
      map_flags.Value = 0;
      map_flags.ui32.PageSize = HSA_PAGE_SIZE_64KB;
      if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtMapMemoryToGPUNodes(importAddress, importSize, &altAddress, map_flags, numNodes,
                                    nodes)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        map_flags.ui32.PageSize = HSA_PAGE_SIZE_4KB;
        if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtMapMemoryToGPUNodes(importAddress, importSize, &altAddress, map_flags, numNodes,
                                      nodes)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
          HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtDeregisterMemory(importAddress));
          return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
        }
      }
    }
    fixFragment(NULL);
    *mapped_ptr = importAddress;
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  };

  if ((importHandle.handle[6] & 0x80000000) != 0) {
    isFragment = true;
    fragOffset = (importHandle.handle[6] & 0x1FF) * 4096;
    importHandle.handle[6] &= ~(0x80000000 | 0x1FF);
  }

  if (ipc_dmabuf_supported_) {
    uint64_t dmaBufFDHandleLo = importHandle.handle[0];
    uint64_t dmaBufFDHandleHi = importHandle.handle[1];
    dmaBufFDHandle = (dmaBufFDHandleHi << 32) | dmaBufFDHandleLo;
  }

#if defined(__linux__)
  if (num_agents == 0) {
    bool isDmabufSysMem = ipc_dmabuf_supported_ && importHandle.handle[3];

    hsa_status_t err = importMemory(0, NULL, isDmabufSysMem);
    if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) return err;
    if (!isDmabufSysMem) return mapMemoryToNodes(0, NULL);

    // System memory DMA Buf import
    auto errCleanup = [&](amdgpu_bo_handle bo)
    {
      DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_free(bo)); // auto frees cpu map
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
    };

    // Create a shared cpu access pointer for user
    void *cpuPtr;
    amdgpu_bo_handle bo = allocation_map_[importAddress].ldrm_bo;
    int ret = DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_cpu_map(bo, &cpuPtr));
    if (ret) return errCleanup(bo);

    // Note VA ops will always override flags to allow read/write/exec permissions.
    ret = DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_va_op(bo, 0, importSize,
                          reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(cpuPtr), 0, AMDGPU_VA_OP_MAP));
    if (ret) return errCleanup(bo);
    importAddress = cpuPtr;
    fixFragment(bo);
    *mapped_ptr = importAddress;
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }
#else
  assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif

  HSAuint32* nodes = nullptr;
  if (num_agents > tinyArraySize)
    nodes = new HSAuint32[num_agents];
  else
    nodes = (HSAuint32*)alloca(sizeof(HSAuint32) * num_agents);
  if (nodes == NULL) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;

  MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() {
    if (num_agents > tinyArraySize) delete[] nodes;
  });

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_agents; i++)
    agents[i]->GetInfo((hsa_agent_info_t)HSA_AMD_AGENT_INFO_DRIVER_NODE_ID, &nodes[i]);

  hsa_status_t err = importMemory(num_agents, nodes, false);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) return err;

  return mapMemoryToNodes(num_agents, nodes);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::IPCDetach(void* ptr) {
  bool ldrmImportCleaned = false;
  {  // Handle imported fragments.
    ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
    const auto& it = allocation_map_.find(ptr);
    if (it != allocation_map_.end()) {
      if (it->second.region != nullptr) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
#if defined(__linux__)
      if (it->second.ldrm_bo) {
         if (DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_va_op(it->second.ldrm_bo, 0, it->second.size,
                             reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(ptr), 0, AMDGPU_VA_OP_UNMAP)))
           return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         if (DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_free(it->second.ldrm_bo))) // auto unmaps from cpu
           return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         ldrmImportCleaned = true;
      }
#else
      assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif
      allocation_map_.erase(it);
      lock.Release();  // Can't hold memory lock when using pointer info.

      PtrInfoBlockData block = {};
      hsa_amd_pointer_info_t info = {};
      info.size = sizeof(info);
      if (PtrInfo(ptr, &info, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, &block) != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
      ptr = block.base;
    }
  }

  if (!ldrmImportCleaned) {
    if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtUnmapMemoryToGPU(ptr)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
    if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtDeregisterMemory(ptr)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

void Runtime::AsyncEventsLoop(void* _eventsInfo) {
  AsyncEventsInfo* eventsInfo = reinterpret_cast<AsyncEventsInfo*>(_eventsInfo);

  auto& async_events_control_ = eventsInfo->control;
  auto& async_events_ = eventsInfo->events;
  auto& new_async_events_ = eventsInfo->new_events;
  auto& hsa_events = eventsInfo->events.hsa_events_;
  auto& event_age = eventsInfo->events.age_;
  uint32_t unique_evts = 0;
  auto hsa_signals = reinterpret_cast<hsa_signal_handle*>(&async_events_.signal_[0]);

  auto processEvent = [&](size_t index, hsa_signal_value_t value, bool wait_any) {
    // No error or timeout occured, process the handlers
    // Call handler for the known satisfied signal.
    assert(async_events_.handler_[index] != nullptr);
    bool keep = async_events_.handler_[index](value, async_events_.arg_[index]);
    if (!keep) {
      if (!wait_any) {
        hsa_signals[index]->WaitingDec();
      }
      hsa_signal_handle(async_events_.signal_[index])->Release();
      async_events_.CopyIndex(index, async_events_.Size() - 1);
      async_events_.PopBack();
    }
    return keep;
  };

  // Prepares a list of events for a wait inside KFD
  auto PrepareInterrupt = [&](size_t idx, bool init_age) {
    HsaEvent* hsa_event = hsa_signals[idx]->EopEvent();
    // If any signal doesn't have an interrupt, then switch to polling
    if (hsa_event == nullptr) {
      unique_evts = 0;
      return false;
    } else {
      if (hsa_events.size() <= unique_evts) {
          hsa_events.resize(unique_evts + 10);
          event_age.resize(unique_evts + 10);
      }
      if (init_age || hsa_events[unique_evts] != hsa_event ) {
        event_age[unique_evts] = runtime_singleton_->KfdVersion().supports_event_age ? 1 : 0;
      }
      hsa_events[unique_evts] = hsa_event;
      unique_evts++;
      return true;
    }
  };

  // KFD will move this thread into sleep, until any event from the list is complete or
  // if ROCR can wake it up with hsaKmtSetEvent()
  auto WaitForInterrupt = [&]() {
    constexpr uint32_t wait_ms = 0xFFFFFFFEu;
    HsaEvent** end = std::unique(&hsa_events[0], &hsa_events[0] + unique_evts);
    unique_evts = uint32_t(end - &hsa_events[0]);
    HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtWaitOnMultipleEvents_Ext(&hsa_events[0], unique_evts, false, wait_ms, &event_age[0]));
  };

  while (!async_events_control_.exit) {
    // Wait for a signal
    std::vector<hsa_signal_value_t> value(1);
    value[0] = 0;
    uint32_t index = 0;
    uint32_t wait_any = true;
    if (eventsInfo->monitor_exceptions) {
      index =
          Signal::WaitAnyExceptions(uint32_t(async_events_.Size()), &async_events_.signal_[0],
                                    &async_events_.cond_[0], &async_events_.value_[0], &value[0]);
    } else {
     if (core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->flag().wait_any()) {
       index = Signal::WaitMultiple(uint32_t(async_events_.Size()), &async_events_.signal_[0],
                                    &async_events_.cond_[0], &async_events_.value_[0], uint64_t(-1),
                                    HSA_WAIT_STATE_BLOCKED, value, false);
     } else {
      // Skip wake-up signal logic
      index = 1;
      wait_any = false;
      // The new events can reallocate the signals, hence update the pointer
      hsa_signals = reinterpret_cast<hsa_signal_handle*>(&async_events_.signal_[0]);
     }
    }

    // Reset the control signal
    if (index == 0) {
      hsa_signal_handle(async_events_control_.wake)->StoreRelaxed(0);
    } else if (index != -1) {
      if (wait_any) {
        processEvent(index, value[0], wait_any);
      } else {
        index = 0;
      }
      // Process all signals on the CPU first
      bool finish = false;
      bool polling = false;
      bool init_age = true;

      // Mark all signals with a waiting tag
      // @note: Waiting tag must be marked before the signal state check on CPU to
      // avoid a possible race condition between KFD sleep and rocr's awake call
      if (!wait_any) {
        for (size_t e = 0; e < async_events_.Size(); e++) {
          hsa_signals[e]->WaitingInc();
        }
      }
      while (!finish) {
        // If exception or WaitAny(), then finish with just one iterration
        if (wait_any) {
          finish = true;
        }
        bool interrupt_wait = false;
        unique_evts = 0;

        // Check remaining signals before sleeping.
        for (size_t i = index; i < async_events_.Size(); i++) {
          hsa_signal_handle sig(async_events_.signal_[i]);
          value[0] = atomic::Load(&sig->signal_.value, std::memory_order_relaxed);
          if (CheckSignalCondition(value[0], async_events_.cond_[i], async_events_.value_[i])) {
            if (i == 0) {
              hsa_signal_handle(async_events_control_.wake)->StoreRelaxed(0);
            } else {
              if (!processEvent(i, value[0], wait_any)) {
                i--;
              }
            }
            if (!wait_any) {
              finish = true;
              init_age = true;
            }
          }

          // If the current signal isn't complete and polling is disabled, then prepare KFD wait for an interrupt
          if (!finish && !polling) {
            interrupt_wait = PrepareInterrupt(i, init_age);
            // If the interrupt was disabled, then force polling
            if (!interrupt_wait) {
              polling = true;
              finish = false;
            }
          } else if (unique_evts > 0) {
            unique_evts = 0;
            interrupt_wait = false;
          }
        }
        // If nothing was complete and an interrupt wait was requested, then call KFD
        if (interrupt_wait) {
          WaitForInterrupt();
          init_age = false;
        }
      }
    }

    if (!wait_any) {
      // Remove the waiting tags from events
      for (size_t e = 0; e < async_events_.Size(); e++) {
        hsa_signals[e]->WaitingDec();
      }
    }

    // Insert new signals and find plain functions
    typedef std::pair<void (*)(void*), void*> func_arg_t;
    std::vector<func_arg_t> functions;
    std::vector<AsyncEventItem> new_events;
    new_async_events_.GetAllEvents(new_events);
    for (const auto& event : new_events) {
      if (event.signal.handle == 0) {
        functions.push_back(func_arg_t((void (*)(void*))event.handler, event.arg));
        continue;
      }
      async_events_.PushBack(event.signal, event.cond, event.value, event.handler,event.arg);
    }
    // Call plain functions
    for (size_t i = 0; i < functions.size(); i++) {
      functions[i].first(functions[i].second);
    }
    functions.clear();
  }

  // Release wait count of all pending signals
  for (size_t i = 1; i < async_events_.Size(); i++)
    hsa_signal_handle(async_events_.signal_[i])->Release();
  async_events_.Clear();

  std::vector<AsyncEventItem> remaining_events;
  new_async_events_.GetAllEvents(remaining_events);
  for (const auto& event : remaining_events) {
    if (event.signal.handle != 0) {
      hsa_signal_handle(event.signal)->Release();
    }
  }
  new_async_events_.Clear();
}

void Runtime::AsyncEventsPool::clear() {
  ifdebug {
    size_t capacity = 0;
    for (auto& block : block_list_) capacity += block.second;
    if (capacity != free_list_.size())
      debug_print("Warning: Resource leak detected by AsyncEventsPool, %ld items leaked.\n",
                  capacity - free_list_.size());
  }

  for (auto& block : block_list_) free_()(block.first);
  block_list_.clear();
  free_list_.clear();
}

Runtime::AsyncEventItem* Runtime::AsyncEventsPool::alloc() {
  ScopedAcquire<HybridMutex> lock(&lock_);
  if (free_list_.empty()) {
    AsyncEventItem* block = reinterpret_cast<AsyncEventItem*>(
        allocate_()(block_size_ * sizeof(AsyncEventItem), __alignof(AsyncEventItem), core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNonPaged, 0));
    if (block == nullptr) {
      block_size_ = minblock_;
      block = reinterpret_cast<AsyncEventItem*>(
          allocate_()(block_size_ * sizeof(AsyncEventItem), __alignof(AsyncEventItem), core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNonPaged, 0));
      if (block == nullptr) throw std::bad_alloc();
    }

    MAKE_NAMED_SCOPE_GUARD(throwGuard, [&]() { free_()(block); });
    block_list_.push_back(std::make_pair(block, block_size_));
    throwGuard.Dismiss();

    for (int i = 0; i < block_size_; i++) {
      free_list_.push_back(&block[i]);
    }
    if (block_size_ > maxblocksize_)
      block_size_ *= 2;
  }
  AsyncEventItem* ret = free_list_.back();
  new (ret) AsyncEventItem();
  free_list_.pop_back();
  return ret;
}

void Runtime::AsyncEventsPool::free(AsyncEventItem* ptr) {
  if (ptr == nullptr) return;

  ptr->~AsyncEventItem();
  ScopedAcquire<HybridMutex> lock(&lock_);

  ifdebug {
    bool valid = false;
    for (auto& block : block_list_) {
      if ((block.first <= ptr) &&
          (uintptr_t(ptr) < uintptr_t(block.first) + block.second * sizeof(AsyncEventItem))) {
        valid = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    assert(valid && "Object does not belong to pool.");
  }
  free_list_.push_back(ptr);
}
void Runtime::ConcurrentAsyncEvents::PushBack(hsa_signal_t signal,
                                             hsa_signal_condition_t cond,
                                             hsa_signal_value_t value,
                                             hsa_amd_signal_handler handler, void* arg) {
  // Allocate memory for the new event item
  AsyncEventItem* item = asyncEventPool_.alloc();
  item->init(signal, cond, value, handler, arg);
  event_queue_.enqueue(item);
}

void Runtime::ConcurrentAsyncEvents::Clear() {
  // Dequeue all items to clear the queue
  while (!event_queue_.empty()) {
    AsyncEventItem* item = event_queue_.dequeue();
    asyncEventPool_.free(item);
  }
  asyncEventPool_.clear();
}

bool Runtime::ConcurrentAsyncEvents::GetEvent(AsyncEventItem& event) {
  AsyncEventItem* item = event_queue_.dequeue();
  if (item != nullptr) {
    event = *item;
    asyncEventPool_.free(item);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Runtime::ConcurrentAsyncEvents::GetAllEvents(std::vector<AsyncEventItem>& all_events) {
  AsyncEventItem* item = nullptr;
  while (!event_queue_.empty()) {
    item = event_queue_.dequeue();
    if (item == nullptr) {
      return false;
    }
    all_events.emplace_back(*item);
    asyncEventPool_.free(item);
  }
  return true;
}

void Runtime::ConcurrentAsyncEvents::AddEventsBack(const std::vector<AsyncEventItem>& events) {
  for (const auto& event : events) {
    AsyncEventItem* item = asyncEventPool_.alloc();
    *item = event;
    event_queue_.enqueue(item);
  }
}

size_t Runtime::ConcurrentAsyncEvents::Size() {
  return event_queue_.size();
}

void Runtime::BindErrorHandlers() {
  if (!core::g_use_interrupt_wait || gpu_agents_.empty()) return;

  // Create memory event with manual reset to avoid racing condition
  // with driver in case of multiple concurrent VM faults.
  vm_fault_event_ = core::InterruptSignal::CreateEvent(HSA_EVENTTYPE_MEMORY, true);

  // Create an interrupt signal object to contain the memory event.
  // This signal object will be registered with the async handler global
  // thread.
  vm_fault_signal_ = new core::InterruptSignal(0, vm_fault_event_);

  if (!vm_fault_signal_->IsValid() || vm_fault_signal_->EopEvent() == NULL) {
    assert(false && "Failed on creating VM fault signal");
    return;
  }

  SetAsyncSignalHandler(core::Signal::Convert(vm_fault_signal_), HSA_SIGNAL_CONDITION_NE, 0,
                        VMFaultHandler, reinterpret_cast<void*>(vm_fault_signal_));

  // Create HW exception event which is for Non-RAS events
  hw_exception_event_ = core::InterruptSignal::CreateEvent(HSA_EVENTTYPE_HW_EXCEPTION, true);

  hw_exception_signal_ = new core::InterruptSignal(0, hw_exception_event_);

  if (!hw_exception_signal_->IsValid() || hw_exception_signal_->EopEvent() == NULL) {
    assert(false && "Failed on creating HW Exception signal");
    return;
  }

  SetAsyncSignalHandler(core::Signal::Convert(hw_exception_signal_), HSA_SIGNAL_CONDITION_NE, 0,
                        HwExceptionHandler, reinterpret_cast<void*>(hw_exception_signal_));
}

bool Runtime::HwExceptionHandler(hsa_signal_value_t val, void* arg) {
  core::InterruptSignal* hw_exception_signal = reinterpret_cast<core::InterruptSignal*>(arg);

  assert(hw_exception_signal != NULL);

  if (hw_exception_signal == NULL) return false;

  HsaEvent* exception_event = hw_exception_signal->EopEvent();

  HsaHwException& exception = exception_event->EventData.EventData.HwException;

  hsa_status_t custom_handler_status = HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
  auto system_event_handlers = runtime_singleton_->GetSystemEventHandlers();
  // If custom handler is registered, pack the fault info and call the handler

  if (!system_event_handlers.empty()) {
    hsa_amd_event_t hw_exception_event;
    hw_exception_event.event_type = HSA_AMD_GPU_HW_EXCEPTION_EVENT;
    hsa_amd_gpu_hw_exception_info_t& exception_info = hw_exception_event.hw_exception;

    // Find the faulty agent
    auto it = runtime_singleton_->agents_by_node_.find(exception.NodeId);
    assert(it != runtime_singleton_->agents_by_node_.end() && "Can't find faulty agent.");
    Agent* faulty_agent = it->second.front();
    exception_info.agent = Agent::Convert(faulty_agent);

    // This field is not set by KFD at the moment
    exception_info.reset_type = HSA_AMD_HW_EXCEPTION_RESET_TYPE_OTHER;

    exception_info.reset_cause = (exception.ResetCause == HSA_EVENTID_HW_EXCEPTION_ECC)
        ? HSA_AMD_HW_EXCEPTION_CAUSE_ECC
        : HSA_AMD_HW_EXCEPTION_CAUSE_GPU_HANG;

    for (auto& callback : system_event_handlers) {
      hsa_status_t err = callback.first(&hw_exception_event, callback.second);
      if (err == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) custom_handler_status = HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }
  }

  if (custom_handler_status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    core::Agent* faultingAgent = runtime_singleton_->agents_by_node_[exception.NodeId][0];
    fprintf(stderr, "HW Exception by GPU node-%u (Agent handle: %p) reason :%s\n", exception.NodeId,
            reinterpret_cast<void*>(faultingAgent->public_handle().handle),
            (exception.ResetCause == HSA_EVENTID_HW_EXCEPTION_ECC) ? "ECC" : "GPU Hang");

    assert(false && "GPU HW Exception");
    std::abort();
  }
  // No need to keep the signal because we are done.
  return false;
}

bool Runtime::VMFaultHandler(hsa_signal_value_t val, void* arg) {
  core::InterruptSignal* vm_fault_signal =
      reinterpret_cast<core::InterruptSignal*>(arg);

  assert(vm_fault_signal != NULL);

  if (vm_fault_signal == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  HsaEvent* vm_fault_event = vm_fault_signal->EopEvent();

  HsaMemoryAccessFault& fault =
      vm_fault_event->EventData.EventData.MemoryAccessFault;

  hsa_status_t custom_handler_status = HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
  auto system_event_handlers = runtime_singleton_->GetSystemEventHandlers();
  Agent* faulty_agent = nullptr;
  // If custom handler is registered, pack the fault info and call the handler
  if (!system_event_handlers.empty()) {
    hsa_amd_event_t memory_fault_event;
    memory_fault_event.event_type = HSA_AMD_GPU_MEMORY_FAULT_EVENT;
    hsa_amd_gpu_memory_fault_info_t& fault_info = memory_fault_event.memory_fault;

    // Find the faulty agent
    auto it = runtime_singleton_->agents_by_node_.find(fault.NodeId);
    assert(it != runtime_singleton_->agents_by_node_.end() && "Can't find faulty agent.");
    faulty_agent = it->second.front();
    fault_info.agent = Agent::Convert(faulty_agent);

    fault_info.virtual_address = fault.VirtualAddress;
    fault_info.fault_reason_mask = 0;
    if (fault.Failure.NotPresent == 1) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_PAGE_NOT_PRESENT;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.ReadOnly == 1) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_READ_ONLY;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.NoExecute == 1) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_NX;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.GpuAccess == 1) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_HOST_ONLY;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.Imprecise == 1) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_IMPRECISE;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.ECC == 1 && fault.Failure.ErrorType == 0) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_DRAMECC;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.ErrorType == 1) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_SRAMECC;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.ErrorType == 2) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_DRAMECC;
    }
    if (fault.Failure.ErrorType == 3) {
      fault_info.fault_reason_mask |= HSA_AMD_MEMORY_FAULT_HANG;
    }

    for (auto& callback : system_event_handlers) {
      hsa_status_t err = callback.first(&memory_fault_event, callback.second);
      if (err == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) custom_handler_status = HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }
  }

  // No custom VM fault handler registered or it failed.
  if (custom_handler_status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    if (runtime_singleton_->flag().enable_vm_fault_message()) {
      std::string reason = "";
      if (fault.Failure.NotPresent == 1) {
        reason += "Page not present or supervisor privilege";
      } else if (fault.Failure.ReadOnly == 1) {
        reason += "Write access to a read-only page";
      } else if (fault.Failure.NoExecute == 1) {
        reason += "Execute access to a page marked NX";
      } else if (fault.Failure.GpuAccess == 1) {
        reason += "Host access only";
      } else if ((fault.Failure.ECC == 1 && fault.Failure.ErrorType == 0) ||
                 fault.Failure.ErrorType == 2) {
        reason += "DRAM ECC failure";
      } else if (fault.Failure.ErrorType == 1) {
        reason += "SRAM ECC failure";
      } else if (fault.Failure.ErrorType == 3) {
        reason += "Generic hang recovery";
      } else {
        reason += "Unknown";
      }

      faulty_agent = runtime_singleton_->agents_by_node_[fault.NodeId][0];

      fprintf(
          stderr,
          "Memory access fault by GPU node-%u (Agent handle: %p) on address %p%s. Reason: %s.\n",
          fault.NodeId, reinterpret_cast<void*>(faulty_agent->public_handle().handle),
          reinterpret_cast<const void*>(fault.VirtualAddress),
          (fault.Failure.Imprecise == 1) ? "(may not be exact address)" : "", reason.c_str());

#ifndef NDEBUG
      PrintMemoryMapNear(reinterpret_cast<void*>(fault.VirtualAddress));
#endif
    }
    // Fallback if KFD does not support GPU core dump. In this case, the core dump is
    // generated by hsa-runtime.
    if (faulty_agent &&
        faulty_agent->supported_isas()[0]->GetMajorVersion() != 11 &&
                      !runtime_singleton_->KfdVersion().supports_core_dump) {

      if (pcs::PcsRuntime::instance()->SessionsActive())
        fprintf(stderr, "GPU core dump skipped because PC Sampling active\n");
      else if (amd::coredump::dump_gpu_core())
        fprintf(stderr, "GPU core dump failed\n");
    }
    assert(false && "GPU memory access fault.");
    std::abort();
  }
  // No need to keep the signal because we are done.
  return false;
}

void Runtime::PrintMemoryMapNear(void* ptr) {
  runtime_singleton_->memory_lock_.Acquire();
  auto it = runtime_singleton_->allocation_map_.upper_bound(ptr);
  for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
    if (it != runtime_singleton_->allocation_map_.begin()) it--;
  }
  fprintf(stderr, "Nearby memory map:\n");
  auto start = it;
  for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    if (it == runtime_singleton_->allocation_map_.end()) break;
    std::string kind = "Non-HSA";
    if (it->second.region != nullptr) {
      const AMD::MemoryRegion* region = static_cast<const AMD::MemoryRegion*>(it->second.region);
      if (region->IsSystem())
        kind = "System";
      else if (region->IsLocalMemory())
        kind = "VRAM";
      else if (region->IsScratch())
        kind = "Scratch";
      else if (region->IsLDS())
        kind = "LDS";
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "%p, 0x%lx, %s\n", it->first, it->second.size, kind.c_str());
    it++;
  }
  fprintf(stderr, "\n");
  it = start;
  runtime_singleton_->memory_lock_.Release();
  hsa_amd_pointer_info_t info = {};
  PtrInfoBlockData block = {};
  uint32_t count = 0;
  hsa_agent_t* canAccess = nullptr;
  info.size = sizeof(info);
  for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    if (it == runtime_singleton_->allocation_map_.end()) break;
    hsa_status_t err = runtime_singleton_->PtrInfo(const_cast<void*>(it->first), &info, malloc,
                                                   &count, &canAccess, &block);
    if (err == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
      fprintf(stderr, "PtrInfo:\n\tAddress: %p-%p/%p-%p\n\tSize: 0x%lx\n\tType: %u\n\tOwner: %p\n",
              info.agentBaseAddress, (char*)info.agentBaseAddress + info.sizeInBytes,
              info.hostBaseAddress, (char*)info.hostBaseAddress + info.sizeInBytes, info.sizeInBytes,
              info.type, reinterpret_cast<void*>(info.agentOwner.handle));
      fprintf(stderr, "\tCanAccess: %u\n", count);
      for (int t = 0; t < count; t++)
        fprintf(stderr, "\t\t%p\n", reinterpret_cast<void*>(canAccess[t].handle));
      fprintf(stderr, "\tIn block: %p, 0x%lx\n", block.base, block.length);
      free(canAccess);
    }
    it++;
  }
}

Runtime::AsyncEventsInfo::AsyncEventsInfo(bool exceptions_)
  : monitor_exceptions(exceptions_), events(), new_events(), control(this) {

  events.PushBack(control.wake, HSA_SIGNAL_CONDITION_NE, 0, NULL, NULL);
  control.Start();
}

Runtime::AsyncEventsInfo::~AsyncEventsInfo() {
  control.Shutdown();
}

Runtime::AsyncEventsControl::AsyncEventsControl(AsyncEventsInfo *asyncInfo)
  : info_(asyncInfo), exit(false) {

  auto err = HSA::hsa_signal_create(0, 0, NULL, &wake);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR, "Failed to allocate async handler signal");
}

void Runtime::AsyncEventsControl::Start() {
  int priority = info_->monitor_exceptions ? os::OS_THREAD_PRIORITY_DEFAULT :
                  runtime_singleton_->flag().async_events_thread_priority();

  thread_ = os::CreateThread(AsyncEventsLoop, info_, 0, priority);
  if (!thread_)
    throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR, "Failed to initialize async handler thread");
}

Runtime::Runtime()
    : loader_(nullptr),
      region_gpu_(nullptr),
      sys_clock_freq_(0),
      num_nodes_(0),
      vm_fault_event_(nullptr),
      vm_fault_signal_(nullptr),
      hw_exception_event_(nullptr),
      hw_exception_signal_(nullptr),
      internal_queue_create_notifier_user_data_(nullptr),
      ref_count_(0),
      kfd_version{},
      ipc_sock_server_fd_(0) {

  virtual_mem_api_supported_ = false;
  ipc_dmabuf_supported_ = false;
  xnack_enabled_ = false;
  g_use_interrupt_wait = true;
  g_use_mwaitx = true;
  ::_amdgpu_r_debug = {11,
                     nullptr,
                     reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(
                                &_loader_debug_state),
                     r_debug::RT_CONSISTENT,
                     0};
  log_file = stderr;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::Load() {
  os::cpuid_t cpuinfo;

  // Assume features are not supported if parse CPUID fails
  if (!os::ParseCpuID(&cpuinfo)) {
    /*
     * This is not a failure, in some environments such as SRIOV, not all CPUID info is
     * exposed inside the guest
     */
    debug_warning("Parsing CPUID failed.");
  }

  flag_.Refresh();

  thunkLoader_ = new ThunkLoader();
  thunkLoader_->LoadThunkApiTable();

  if (!thunkLoader_->CreateThunkInstance()) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_NOT_INITIALIZED;
  }

  g_use_interrupt_wait = flag_.enable_interrupt();
  g_use_mwaitx = flag_.check_mwaitx(cpuinfo.mwaitx);

  if (!AMD::Load()) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
  }

  asyncSignals_.reset(new AsyncEventsInfo(false));
  asyncExceptions_.reset(new AsyncEventsInfo(g_use_interrupt_wait));

  // Setup system clock frequency for the first time.
  if (sys_clock_freq_ == 0) {
    sys_clock_freq_ = os::SystemClockFrequency();
    if (sys_clock_freq_ < 100000) debug_warning("System clock resolution is low.");
  }

  BindErrorHandlers();

  loader_ = amd::hsa::loader::Loader::Create(&loader_context_);

  // Load extensions
  LoadExtensions();

  // Initialize per GPU scratch, blits, and trap handler
  for (core::Agent* agent : gpu_agents_) {
    hsa_status_t status =
        reinterpret_cast<AMD::GpuAgentInt*>(agent)->PostToolsInit();

    if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
      return status;
    }
  }

  // Load tools libraries
  LoadTools();

  // Initialize libdrm helper function
  CheckVirtualMemApiSupport();

  // Initialize IPC support mode
  InitIPCDmaBufSupport();

  // Load svm profiler
  svm_profile_.reset(new AMD::SvmProfileControl);

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

void Runtime::Unload() {
  // Close IPC socket server
  if (ipc_sock_server_conns_.size())
    IPCClientImport(getpid(), IPC_SOCK_SERVER_CONN_CLOSE_HANDLE,
                    0, NULL, NULL, NULL, false);

  svm_profile_.reset(nullptr);

  UnloadTools();
  UnloadExtensions();

  amd::hsa::loader::Loader::Destroy(loader_);
  loader_ = nullptr;

  for(auto nodeAgent: agents_by_node_) {
    for (auto agent: nodeAgent.second)
      agent->ReleaseResources();
  }

  asyncSignals_.reset();
  asyncExceptions_.reset();

  if (vm_fault_signal_ != nullptr) {
    vm_fault_signal_->DestroySignal();
    vm_fault_signal_ = nullptr;
  }
  core::InterruptSignal::DestroyEvent(vm_fault_event_);
  vm_fault_event_ = nullptr;

  if (hw_exception_signal_ != nullptr) {
    hw_exception_signal_->DestroySignal();
    hw_exception_signal_ = nullptr;
  }
  core::InterruptSignal::DestroyEvent(hw_exception_event_);
  hw_exception_event_ = nullptr;

  SharedSignalPool.clear();

  EventPool.clear();

  mapped_handle_map_.clear();
  memory_handle_map_.clear();

  DestroyAgents();

  CloseTools();

  AMD::Unload();

  DestroyDrivers();

  thunkLoader_->DestroyThunkInstance();

  delete thunkLoader_;
}

void Runtime::LoadExtensions() {
// Load finalizer and extension library
#ifdef HSA_LARGE_MODEL
  static const std::string kFinalizerLib[] = {"hsa-ext-finalize64.dll",
                                              "libhsa-ext-finalize64.so.1"};
#else
  static const std::string kFinalizerLib[] = {"hsa-ext-finalize.dll",
                                              "libhsa-ext-finalize.so.1"};
#endif

  // Update Hsa Api Table with handle of Finalizer extension Apis
  // Skipping finalizer loading since finalizer is no longer distributed.
  // LinkExts will expose the finalizer-not-present implementation.
  // extensions_.LoadFinalizer(kFinalizerLib[os_index(os::current_os)]);
  hsa_api_table().LinkExts(&extensions_.finalizer_api,
                          core::HsaApiTable::HSA_EXT_FINALIZER_API_TABLE_ID);

  // Update Hsa Api Table with handle of Image extension Apis
  extensions_.LoadImage();
  hsa_api_table().LinkExts(&extensions_.image_api,
                          core::HsaApiTable::HSA_EXT_IMAGE_API_TABLE_ID);

  // Update Hsa Api Table with handle of PCS extension Apis
  extensions_.LoadPcSampling();
  hsa_api_table().LinkExts(&extensions_.pcs_api,
                          core::HsaApiTable::HSA_EXT_PC_SAMPLING_API_TABLE_ID);
}

void Runtime::UnloadExtensions() { extensions_.Unload(); }

static std::vector<std::string> parse_tool_names(std::string tool_names) {
  std::vector<std::string> names;
  std::string name = "";
  bool quoted = false;
  while (tool_names.size() != 0) {
    auto index = tool_names.find_first_of(" \"\\");
    if (index == std::string::npos) {
      name += tool_names;
      break;
    }
    switch (tool_names[index]) {
      case ' ': {
        if (!quoted) {
          name += tool_names.substr(0, index);
          tool_names.erase(0, index + 1);
          names.push_back(name);
          name = "";
        } else {
          name += tool_names.substr(0, index + 1);
          tool_names.erase(0, index + 1);
        }
        break;
      }
      case '\"': {
        if (quoted) {
          quoted = false;
          name += tool_names.substr(0, index);
          tool_names.erase(0, index + 1);
          names.push_back(name);
          name = "";
        } else {
          quoted = true;
          tool_names.erase(0, index + 1);
        }
        break;
      }
      case '\\': {
        if (tool_names.size() > index + 1) {
          name += tool_names.substr(0, index) + tool_names[index + 1];
          tool_names.erase(0, index + 2);
        }
        break;
      }
    }  // end switch
  }    // end while

  if (name != "") names.push_back(name);
  return names;
}


static int (*fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd)(HsaAMDGPUDeviceHandle device_handle) = NULL;

int fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd_nosupport(HsaAMDGPUDeviceHandle device_handle) {
  fprintf(stderr, "amdgpu_device_get_fd not available. Please update version of libdrm");
  return -1;
}

int Runtime::GetAmdgpuDeviceArgs(Agent *agent, ShareableHandle handle,
                                 int *drm_fd, uint64_t *cpu_addr) {
#if defined(__linux__)
  int renderFd = fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd(static_cast<AMD::GpuAgent*>(agent)->libDrmDev());
  if (renderFd < 0) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

  uint32_t gem_handle = 0;
  if (DRM_CALL(amdgpu_bo_export(reinterpret_cast<amdgpu_bo_handle>(handle.handle),
                       amdgpu_bo_handle_type_kms, &gem_handle)))
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

  union drm_amdgpu_gem_mmap args;
  memset(&args, 0, sizeof(args));
  /* Query the buffer address (args.addr_ptr).
   * The kernel driver ignores the offset and size parameters. */
  args.in.handle = gem_handle;
  if (DRM_CALL(drmCommandWriteRead(renderFd, DRM_AMDGPU_GEM_MMAP, &args, sizeof(args))))
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

  *drm_fd = renderFd;
  *cpu_addr = args.out.addr_ptr;
#else
  assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

void Runtime::CheckVirtualMemApiSupport() {

  auto kfd_version = core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->KfdVersion().version;

  if (kfd_version.KernelInterfaceMajorVersion > 1 ||
      (kfd_version.KernelInterfaceMajorVersion == 1 &&
          kfd_version.KernelInterfaceMinorVersion >= 15)) {
  #if defined(__linux__)
    char* error;

    fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd =
        (int (*)(HsaAMDGPUDeviceHandle device_handle))dlsym(
          thunkLoader()->IsDXG() ?  thunkLoader()->ThunkHandle() : RTLD_DEFAULT,
          "amdgpu_device_get_fd");
    if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL) {
      debug_warning("amdgpu_device_get_fd not available. Please update version of libdrm");
      fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd = &fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd_nosupport;
    } else {
      virtual_mem_api_supported_ = true;
    }
  #else
    virtual_mem_api_supported_ = false;
  #endif
  }
}

void Runtime::InitIPCDmaBufSupport() {
  bool dmabuf_supported = false;

  // Early exit so we don't double load lib DRM
  if (virtual_mem_api_supported_) {
    ipc_dmabuf_supported_ = !flag().enable_ipc_mode_legacy();
    return;
  }

  GetSystemInfo(HSA_AMD_SYSTEM_INFO_DMABUF_SUPPORTED, &dmabuf_supported);
  if (!dmabuf_supported) return;
#if defined(__linux__)
  char* error;
  fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd =
      (int (*)(HsaAMDGPUDeviceHandle device_handle))dlsym(
          thunkLoader()->IsDXG() ?  thunkLoader()->ThunkHandle() : RTLD_DEFAULT,
          "amdgpu_device_get_fd");
  if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL) {
    debug_warning("amdgpu_device_get_fd not available. Please update version of libdrm");
    fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd = &fn_amdgpu_device_get_fd_nosupport;
  } else {
    ipc_dmabuf_supported_ = !flag().enable_ipc_mode_legacy();
  }
#else
  ipc_dmabuf_supported_ = false;
#endif
}

void Runtime::LoadTools() {
  typedef bool (*tool_init_t)(::HsaApiTable*, uint64_t, uint64_t,
                              const char* const*);
  typedef Agent* (*tool_wrap_t)(Agent*);
  typedef void (*tool_add_t)(Runtime*);

#if defined(HSA_ROCPROFILER_REGISTER) && HSA_ROCPROFILER_REGISTER > 0
  if (!flag().disable_tool_register()) {
    auto* profiler_api_table_ = static_cast<void*>(&hsa_api_table());
    auto lib_id = rocprofiler_register_library_indentifier_t{};
    auto rocp_reg_status =
        rocprofiler_register_library_api_table("hsa", &ROCPROFILER_REGISTER_IMPORT_FUNC(hsa),
                                               ROCP_REG_VERSION, &profiler_api_table_, 1, &lib_id);

    if (rocp_reg_status != ROCP_REG_SUCCESS && flag().report_tool_register_failures()) {
      fprintf(stderr, "[hsa-runtime][%i] rocprofiler-register returned status code %i: %s\n",
              getpid(), rocp_reg_status, rocprofiler_register_error_string(rocp_reg_status));
    }

    bool allow_v1_registration = false;
    if (os::IsEnvVarSet("HSA_TOOLS_ROCPROFILER_V1_TOOLS")) {
      // assume true if env variable is set
      allow_v1_registration = true;
      auto allow_v1_value = os::GetEnvVar("HSA_TOOLS_ROCPROFILER_V1_TOOLS");
      // support using numbers, off, false, no, n, or f
      if (!allow_v1_value.empty()) {
        if (allow_v1_value.find_first_not_of("0123456789") == std::string::npos) {
          allow_v1_registration = (std::stoi(allow_v1_value) != 0);
        } else if (std::regex_match(
                       allow_v1_value,
                       std::regex{"^(off|false|no|n|f)$", std::regex_constants::icase})) {
          allow_v1_registration = false;
        }
      }
    }

    // if rocprofiler library supports registration and v1 support not explicitly requested,
    // do not use old method
    if (rocp_reg_status == ROCP_REG_SUCCESS && !allow_v1_registration) return;
  }
#endif

  std::vector<const char*> failed;

  //Get loaded libs and filter to tool libraries.
  struct lib_t {
    lib_t(os::LibHandle lib, uint32_t order, std::string name) : lib_(lib), order_(order), name_(name) {}
    os::LibHandle lib_;
    uint32_t order_;
    std::string name_;
  };

  std::list<lib_t> sorted;
  uint32_t env_count=0;

  // Load env var tool lib names and determine ordering offset.
  std::string tool_names = flag_.tools_lib_names();
  std::vector<std::string> names;
  if (tool_names != "") {
    names = parse_tool_names(std::move(tool_names));
    env_count = names.size();
  }

  // Discover loaded tools.
  std::vector<os::LibHandle> loaded_hds = os::GetLoadedToolsLib();
  for(auto& handle : loaded_hds) {
    const uint32_t* order = (const uint32_t*)os::GetExportAddress(handle, "HSA_AMD_TOOL_PRIORITY");
    if(order) {
      sorted.push_back(lib_t(handle, *order+env_count, os::GetLibraryName(handle)));
    } else {
      os::CloseLib(handle);
    }
  }

  // Load env var tools.
  env_count=0;
  for (auto& name : names) {
    os::LibHandle tool = os::LoadLib(name);

    if (tool != nullptr) {
      sorted.push_back(lib_t(tool, env_count, name));
      env_count++;
    } else {
      failed.push_back(name.c_str());
      if (flag().report_tool_load_failures())
        fprintf(stderr, "Tool lib \"%s\" failed to load.\n", name.c_str());
    }
  }

  if(!sorted.empty()) {
    // Close duplicate handles
    sorted.sort([](const lib_t& lhs, const lib_t& rhs) {
      if(lhs.lib_ == rhs.lib_)
        return lhs.order_ < rhs.order_;
      return lhs.lib_ < rhs.lib_;
    });

    os::LibHandle current = sorted.front().lib_;
    auto it = sorted.begin();
    it++;
    while(it != sorted.end()) {
      if(it->lib_==current) {
        os::CloseLib(current);
        auto rem = it;
        it = sorted.erase(rem);
      } else {
        current = it->lib_;
        it++;
      }
    }

    // Sort to load order
    sorted.sort([](const lib_t& lhs, const lib_t& rhs) {
      return lhs.order_ < rhs.order_;
    });

    for(auto& lib : sorted) {
      auto& tool = lib.lib_;

      rocr::AMD::callback_t<tool_init_t> ld = (tool_init_t)os::GetExportAddress(tool, "OnLoad");
      if (!ld) {
        failed.push_back(lib.name_.c_str());
        os::CloseLib(tool);
        continue;
      }
      if (!ld(&hsa_api_table().hsa_api,
        hsa_api_table().hsa_api.version.major_id,
        failed.size(), failed.data())) {
          failed.push_back(lib.name_.c_str());
          os::CloseLib(tool);
          continue;
      }
      tool_libs_.push_back(tool);

      rocr::AMD::callback_t<tool_wrap_t> wrap =
        (tool_wrap_t)os::GetExportAddress(tool, "WrapAgent");
      if (wrap) {
        std::vector<core::Agent*>* agent_lists[2] = {&cpu_agents_,
          &gpu_agents_};
        for (std::vector<core::Agent*>* agent_list : agent_lists) {
          for (size_t agent_idx = 0; agent_idx < agent_list->size();
            ++agent_idx) {
              Agent* agent = wrap(agent_list->at(agent_idx));
              if (agent != NULL) {
                assert(agent->IsValid() &&
                  "Agent returned from WrapAgent is not valid");
                agent_list->at(agent_idx) = agent;
              }
          }
        }
      }

      rocr::AMD::callback_t<tool_add_t> add = (tool_add_t)os::GetExportAddress(tool, "AddAgent");
      if (add) add(this);
    }
  }
}

void Runtime::UnloadTools() {
  typedef void (*tool_unload_t)();
  for (size_t i = tool_libs_.size(); i != 0; i--) {
    tool_unload_t unld;
    unld = (tool_unload_t)os::GetExportAddress(tool_libs_[i - 1], "OnUnload");
    if (unld) unld();
  }

  // Reset API table in case some tool doesn't cleanup properly
  hsa_api_table().Reset();
}

void Runtime::CloseTools() {
  // Due to valgrind bug, runtime cannot dlclose extensions see:
  // http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/faq.html#faq.unhelpful
  if (!flag_.running_valgrind()) {
    for (auto& lib : tool_libs_) os::CloseLib(lib);
  }
  tool_libs_.clear();
}

void Runtime::AsyncEventsControl::Shutdown() {
  exit = true;
  hsa_signal_handle(wake)->StoreRelaxed(1);
  os::WaitForThread(thread_);
  os::CloseThread(thread_);
  thread_ = NULL;
  core::Signal::Convert(wake)->DestroySignal();
}

void Runtime::AsyncEvents::PushBack(hsa_signal_t signal,
                                    hsa_signal_condition_t cond,
                                    hsa_signal_value_t value,
                                    hsa_amd_signal_handler handler, void* arg) {
  signal_.push_back(signal);
  cond_.push_back(cond);
  value_.push_back(value);
  handler_.push_back(handler);
  arg_.push_back(arg);
}

void Runtime::AsyncEvents::CopyIndex(size_t dst, size_t src) {
  signal_[dst] = signal_[src];
  cond_[dst] = cond_[src];
  value_[dst] = value_[src];
  handler_[dst] = handler_[src];
  arg_[dst] = arg_[src];
}

size_t Runtime::AsyncEvents::Size() { return signal_.size(); }

void Runtime::AsyncEvents::PopBack() {
  signal_.pop_back();
  cond_.pop_back();
  value_.pop_back();
  handler_.pop_back();
  arg_.pop_back();
}

void Runtime::AsyncEvents::Clear() {
  signal_.clear();
  cond_.clear();
  value_.clear();
  handler_.clear();
  arg_.clear();
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::SetCustomSystemEventHandler(hsa_amd_system_event_callback_t callback,
                                                  void* data) {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> lock(&system_event_lock_);
  system_event_handlers_.push_back(
      std::make_pair(AMD::callback_t<hsa_amd_system_event_callback_t>(callback), data));
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

std::vector<std::pair<AMD::callback_t<hsa_amd_system_event_callback_t>, void*>>
Runtime::GetSystemEventHandlers() {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> lock(&system_event_lock_);
  return system_event_handlers_;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::SetInternalQueueCreateNotifier(hsa_amd_runtime_queue_notifier callback,
                                                     void* user_data) {
  if (internal_queue_create_notifier_) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
  } else {
    internal_queue_create_notifier_ = callback;
    internal_queue_create_notifier_user_data_ = user_data;
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }
}

void Runtime::InternalQueueCreateNotify(const hsa_queue_t* queue, hsa_agent_t agent) {
  if (internal_queue_create_notifier_)
    internal_queue_create_notifier_(queue, agent, internal_queue_create_notifier_user_data_);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::SetSvmAttrib(void* ptr, size_t size,
                                   hsa_amd_svm_attribute_pair_t* attribute_list,
                                   size_t attribute_count) {
  uint32_t set_attribs = 0;
  std::vector<bool> agent_seen(max_node_id() + 1, false);

  std::vector<HSA_SVM_ATTRIBUTE> attribs;
  attribs.reserve(attribute_count);
  uint32_t set_flags = 0;
  uint32_t clear_flags = 0;

  auto Convert = [&](uint64_t value) -> Agent* {
    hsa_agent_t handle = {value};
    Agent* agent = Agent::Convert(handle);
    if ((agent == nullptr) || !agent->IsValid())
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT,
                               "Invalid agent handle in Runtime::SetSvmAttrib.");
    return agent;
  };

  auto ConvertAllowNull = [&](uint64_t value) -> Agent* {
    hsa_agent_t handle = {value};
    Agent* agent = Agent::Convert(handle);
    if ((agent != nullptr) && (!agent->IsValid()))
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT,
                               "Invalid agent handle in Runtime::SetSvmAttrib.");
    return agent;
  };

  auto ConfirmNew = [&](Agent* agent) {
    if (agent_seen[agent->node_id()])
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(
          HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_ARGUMENTS,
          "Multiple attributes given for the same agent in Runtime::SetSvmAttrib.");
    agent_seen[agent->node_id()] = true;
  };

  auto Check = [&](uint64_t attrib) {
    if (set_attribs & (1 << attrib))
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_ARGUMENTS,
                               "Attribute given multiple times in Runtime::SetSvmAttrib.");
    set_attribs |= (1 << attrib);
  };

  auto kmtPair = [](uint32_t attrib, uint32_t value) {
    HSA_SVM_ATTRIBUTE pair = {attrib, value};
    return pair;
  };

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < attribute_count; i++) {
    auto attrib = attribute_list[i].attribute;
    auto value = attribute_list[i].value;

    switch (attrib) {
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_GLOBAL_FLAG: {
        Check(attrib);
        switch (value) {
          case HSA_AMD_SVM_GLOBAL_FLAG_FINE_GRAINED:
            set_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_COHERENT;
            break;
          case HSA_AMD_SVM_GLOBAL_FLAG_COARSE_GRAINED:
            clear_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_COHERENT;
            break;
          default:
            throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                                     "Invalid HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_GLOBAL_FLAG value.");
        }
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_READ_ONLY: {
        Check(attrib);
        if (value)
          set_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_RO;
        else
          clear_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_RO;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_HIVE_LOCAL: {
        Check(attrib);
        if (value)
          set_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_HIVE_LOCAL;
        else
          clear_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_HIVE_LOCAL;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_MIGRATION_GRANULARITY: {
        Check(attrib);
        // Max migration size is 1GB.
        if (value > 18) value = 18;
        attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_GRANULARITY, value));
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_PREFERRED_LOCATION: {
        Check(attrib);
        Agent* agent = ConvertAllowNull(value);
        if (agent == nullptr)
          attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_PREFERRED_LOC, INVALID_NODEID));
        else
          attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_PREFERRED_LOC, agent->node_id()));
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_READ_MOSTLY: {
        Check(attrib);
        if (value)
          set_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_READ_MOSTLY;
        else
          clear_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_READ_MOSTLY;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_GPU_EXEC: {
        Check(attrib);
        if (value)
          set_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_EXEC;
        else
          clear_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_EXEC;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_AGENT_ACCESSIBLE: {
        Agent* agent = Convert(value);
        ConfirmNew(agent);
        if (agent->device_type() == Agent::kAmdCpuDevice) {
          set_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_HOST_ACCESS;
        } else {
          attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_ACCESS, agent->node_id()));
        }
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_AGENT_ACCESSIBLE_IN_PLACE: {
        Agent* agent = Convert(value);
        ConfirmNew(agent);
        if (agent->device_type() == Agent::kAmdCpuDevice) {
          set_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_HOST_ACCESS;
        } else {
          attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_ACCESS_IN_PLACE, agent->node_id()));
        }
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_AGENT_NO_ACCESS: {
        Agent* agent = Convert(value);
        ConfirmNew(agent);
        if (agent->device_type() == Agent::kAmdCpuDevice) {
          clear_flags |= HSA_SVM_FLAG_HOST_ACCESS;
        } else {
          attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_NO_ACCESS, agent->node_id()));
        }
        break;
      }
      default:
        throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                                 "Illegal or invalid attribute in Runtime::SetSvmAttrib");
    }
  }

  // Merge CPU access properties - grant access if any CPU needs access.
  // Probably wrong.
  if (set_flags & HSA_SVM_FLAG_HOST_ACCESS) clear_flags &= ~HSA_SVM_FLAG_HOST_ACCESS;

  // Add flag updates
  if (clear_flags) attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_CLR_FLAGS, clear_flags));
  if (set_flags) attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_SET_FLAGS, set_flags));

  uint8_t* base = AlignDown((uint8_t*)ptr, 4096);
  uint8_t* end = AlignUp((uint8_t*)ptr + size, 4096);
  size_t len = end - base;
  HSAKMT_STATUS error = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtSVMSetAttr(base, len, attribs.size(), &attribs[0]));
  if (error != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR, "hsaKmtSVMSetAttr failed.");

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::GetSvmAttrib(void* ptr, size_t size,
                                   hsa_amd_svm_attribute_pair_t* attribute_list,
                                   size_t attribute_count) {
  std::vector<HSA_SVM_ATTRIBUTE> attribs;
  attribs.reserve(attribute_count);

  std::vector<int> kmtIndices(attribute_count);

  bool getFlags = false;

  auto Convert = [&](uint64_t value) -> Agent* {
    hsa_agent_t handle = {value};
    Agent* agent = Agent::Convert(handle);
    if ((agent == nullptr) || !agent->IsValid())
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT,
                               "Invalid agent handle in Runtime::GetSvmAttrib.");
    return agent;
  };

  auto kmtPair = [](uint32_t attrib, uint32_t value) {
    HSA_SVM_ATTRIBUTE pair = {attrib, value};
    return pair;
  };

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < attribute_count; i++) {
    auto& attrib = attribute_list[i].attribute;
    auto& value = attribute_list[i].value;

    switch (attrib) {
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_GLOBAL_FLAG:
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_READ_ONLY:
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_HIVE_LOCAL:
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_READ_MOSTLY: {
        getFlags = true;
        kmtIndices[i] = -1;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_MIGRATION_GRANULARITY: {
        kmtIndices[i] = attribs.size();
        attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_GRANULARITY, 0));
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_PREFERRED_LOCATION: {
        kmtIndices[i] = attribs.size();
        attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_PREFERRED_LOC, 0));
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_PREFETCH_LOCATION: {
        value = Agent::Convert(GetSVMPrefetchAgent(ptr, size)).handle;
        kmtIndices[i] = -1;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_ACCESS_QUERY: {
        Agent* agent = Convert(value);
        if (agent->device_type() == Agent::kAmdCpuDevice) {
          getFlags = true;
          kmtIndices[i] = -1;
        } else {
          kmtIndices[i] = attribs.size();
          attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_ACCESS, agent->node_id()));
        }
        break;
      }
      default:
        throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                                 "Illegal or invalid attribute in Runtime::SetSvmAttrib");
    }
  }

  if (getFlags) {
    // Order is important to later code.
    attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_CLR_FLAGS, 0));
    attribs.push_back(kmtPair(HSA_SVM_ATTR_SET_FLAGS, 0));
  }

  uint8_t* base = AlignDown((uint8_t*)ptr, 4096);
  uint8_t* end = AlignUp((uint8_t*)ptr + size, 4096);
  size_t len = end - base;
  if (attribs.size() != 0) {
    HSAKMT_STATUS error = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtSVMGetAttr(base, len, attribs.size(), &attribs[0]));
    if (error != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR, "hsaKmtSVMGetAttr failed.");
  }

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < attribute_count; i++) {
    auto& attrib = attribute_list[i].attribute;
    auto& value = attribute_list[i].value;

    switch (attrib) {
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_GLOBAL_FLAG: {
        if (attribs[attribs.size() - 1].value & HSA_SVM_FLAG_COHERENT) {
          value = HSA_AMD_SVM_GLOBAL_FLAG_FINE_GRAINED;
          break;
        }
        if (attribs[attribs.size() - 2].value & HSA_SVM_FLAG_COHERENT)
          value = HSA_AMD_SVM_GLOBAL_FLAG_COARSE_GRAINED;
        else
          value = HSA_AMD_SVM_GLOBAL_FLAG_INDETERMINATE;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_READ_ONLY: {
        value = (attribs[attribs.size() - 1].value & HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_RO);
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_HIVE_LOCAL: {
        value = (attribs[attribs.size() - 1].value & HSA_SVM_FLAG_HIVE_LOCAL);
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_MIGRATION_GRANULARITY: {
        value = attribs[kmtIndices[i]].value;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_PREFERRED_LOCATION: {
        uint64_t node = attribs[kmtIndices[i]].value;
        Agent* agent = nullptr;
        if (node != INVALID_NODEID) agent = agents_by_node_[node][0];
        value = Agent::Convert(agent).handle;
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_PREFETCH_LOCATION: {
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_READ_MOSTLY: {
        value = (attribs[attribs.size() - 1].value & HSA_SVM_FLAG_GPU_READ_MOSTLY);
        break;
      }
      case HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_ACCESS_QUERY: {
        if (kmtIndices[i] == -1) {
          if (attribs[attribs.size() - 1].value & HSA_SVM_FLAG_HOST_ACCESS)
            attrib = HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_AGENT_ACCESSIBLE;
        } else {
          switch (attribs[kmtIndices[i]].type) {
            case HSA_SVM_ATTR_ACCESS:
              attrib = HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_AGENT_ACCESSIBLE;
              break;
            case HSA_SVM_ATTR_ACCESS_IN_PLACE:
              attrib = HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_AGENT_ACCESSIBLE_IN_PLACE;
              break;
            case HSA_SVM_ATTR_NO_ACCESS:
              attrib = HSA_AMD_SVM_ATTRIB_AGENT_NO_ACCESS;
              break;
            default:
              assert(false && "Bad agent accessibility from KFD.");
          }
        }
        break;
      }
      default:
        throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                                 "Illegal or invalid attribute in Runtime::GetSvmAttrib");
    }
  }

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::SvmPrefetch(void* ptr, size_t size, hsa_agent_t agent,
                                  uint32_t num_dep_signals, const hsa_signal_t* dep_signals,
                                  hsa_signal_t completion_signal) {
  uintptr_t base = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(AlignDown(ptr, 4096));
  uintptr_t end = AlignUp(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) + size, 4096);
  size_t len = end - base;

  PrefetchOp* op = new PrefetchOp();
  MAKE_NAMED_SCOPE_GUARD(OpGuard, [&]() { delete op; });

  Agent* dest = Agent::Convert(agent);
  op->node_id = dest->node_id();

  op->base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(base);
  op->size = len;
  op->completion = completion_signal;
  if (num_dep_signals > 1) {
    op->remaining_deps = num_dep_signals - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < num_dep_signals - 1; i++) op->dep_signals.push_back(dep_signals[i]);
  } else {
    op->remaining_deps = 0;
  }

  {
    ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> lock(&prefetch_lock_);
    // Remove all fully overlapped and trim partially overlapped ranges.
    // Get iteration bounds
    auto start = prefetch_map_.upper_bound(base);
    if (start != prefetch_map_.begin()) start--;
    auto stop = prefetch_map_.lower_bound(end);

    auto isEndNode = [&](decltype(start) node) { return node->second.next == prefetch_map_.end(); };
    auto isFirstNode = [&](decltype(start) node) {
      return node->second.prev == prefetch_map_.end();
    };

    // Trim and remove old ranges.
    while (start != stop) {
      uintptr_t startBase = start->first;
      uintptr_t startEnd = startBase + start->second.bytes;

      auto ibase = Max(startBase, base);
      auto iend = Min(startEnd, end);
      // Check for overlap
      if (ibase < iend) {
        // Second range check
        if (iend < startEnd) {
          auto ret = prefetch_map_.insert(
              std::make_pair(iend, PrefetchRange(startEnd - iend, start->second.op)));
          assert(ret.second && "Prefetch map insert failed during range split.");

          auto it = ret.first;
          it->second.prev = start;
          it->second.next = start->second.next;
          start->second.next = it;
          if (!isEndNode(it)) it->second.next->second.prev = it;
        }

        // Is the first interval of the old range valid
        if (startBase < ibase) {
          start->second.bytes = ibase - startBase;
        } else {
          if (isFirstNode(start)) {
            start->second.op->prefetch_map_entry = start->second.next;
            if (!isEndNode(start)) start->second.next->second.prev = prefetch_map_.end();
          } else {
            start->second.prev->second.next = start->second.next;
            if (!isEndNode(start)) start->second.next->second.prev = start->second.prev;
          }
          start = prefetch_map_.erase(start);
          continue;
        }
      }
      start++;
    }

    // Insert new range.
    auto ret = prefetch_map_.insert(std::make_pair(base, PrefetchRange(len, op)));
    assert(ret.second && "Prefetch map insert failed.");

    auto it = ret.first;
    op->prefetch_map_entry = it;
    it->second.next = it->second.prev = prefetch_map_.end();
  }

  // Remove the prefetch's ranges from the map.
  static auto removePrefetchRanges = [](PrefetchOp* op) {
    ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> lock(&Runtime::runtime_singleton_->prefetch_lock_);
    auto it = op->prefetch_map_entry;
    while (it != Runtime::runtime_singleton_->prefetch_map_.end()) {
      auto next = it->second.next;
      Runtime::runtime_singleton_->prefetch_map_.erase(it);
      it = next;
    }
  };

  // Prefetch Signal handler for synchronization.
  static hsa_amd_signal_handler signal_handler = [](hsa_signal_value_t value, void* arg) {
    PrefetchOp* op = reinterpret_cast<PrefetchOp*>(arg);

    if (op->remaining_deps > 0) {
      op->remaining_deps--;
      Runtime::runtime_singleton_->SetAsyncSignalHandler(
          op->dep_signals[op->remaining_deps], HSA_SIGNAL_CONDITION_EQ, 0, signal_handler, arg);
      return false;
    }

    HSA_SVM_ATTRIBUTE attrib;
    attrib.type = HSA_SVM_ATTR_PREFETCH_LOC;
    attrib.value = op->node_id;
    HSAKMT_STATUS error = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtSVMSetAttr(op->base, op->size, 1, &attrib));
    assert(error == HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS && "KFD Prefetch failed.");

    removePrefetchRanges(op);

    if (op->completion.handle != 0) Signal::Convert(op->completion)->SubRelaxed(1);
    delete op;

    return false;
  };

  auto no_dependencies = [](void* arg) { signal_handler(0, arg); };

  MAKE_NAMED_SCOPE_GUARD(RangeGuard, [&]() { removePrefetchRanges(op); });

  hsa_status_t err;
  if (num_dep_signals == 0)
    err = AMD::hsa_amd_async_function(no_dependencies, op);
  else
    err = SetAsyncSignalHandler(dep_signals[num_dep_signals - 1], HSA_SIGNAL_CONDITION_EQ, 0,
                                signal_handler, op);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) throw AMD::hsa_exception(err, "Signal handler unable to be set.");

  RangeGuard.Dismiss();
  OpGuard.Dismiss();
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

Agent* Runtime::GetSVMPrefetchAgent(void* ptr, size_t size) {
  uintptr_t base = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(AlignDown(ptr, 4096));
  uintptr_t end = AlignUp(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) + size, 4096);

  std::vector<std::pair<uintptr_t, uintptr_t>> holes;

  ScopedAcquire<KernelMutex> lock(&Runtime::runtime_singleton_->prefetch_lock_);
  auto start = prefetch_map_.upper_bound(base);
  if (start != prefetch_map_.begin()) start--;
  auto stop = prefetch_map_.lower_bound(end);

  // KFD returns -1 for no or mixed destinations.
  uint32_t prefetch_node = -2;
  if (start != stop) {
    prefetch_node = start->second.op->node_id;
  }

  while (start != stop) {
    uintptr_t startBase = start->first;
    uintptr_t startEnd = startBase + start->second.bytes;

    auto ibase = Max(base, startBase);
    auto iend = Min(end, startEnd);
    // Check for intersection with the query
    if (ibase < iend) {
      // If prefetch locations are different then we report null agent.
      if (prefetch_node != start->second.op->node_id) return nullptr;

      // Push leading gap to an array for checking KFD.
      if (base < ibase) holes.push_back(std::make_pair(base, ibase - base));

      // Trim query range.
      base = iend;
    }
    start++;
  }
  if (base < end) holes.push_back(std::make_pair(base, end - base));

  HSA_SVM_ATTRIBUTE attrib;
  attrib.type = HSA_SVM_ATTR_PREFETCH_LOC;
  for (auto& range : holes) {
    HSAKMT_STATUS error =
        HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtSVMGetAttr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(range.first), range.second, 1, &attrib));
    assert(error == HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS && "KFD prefetch query failed.");

    if (attrib.value == -1) return nullptr;
    if (prefetch_node == -2) prefetch_node = attrib.value;
    if (prefetch_node != attrib.value) return nullptr;
  }

  assert(prefetch_node != -2 && "prefetch_node was not updated.");
  assert(prefetch_node != -1 && "Should have already returned.");
  return agents_by_node_[prefetch_node][0];
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::DmaBufExport(const void* ptr, size_t size, int* dmabuf, uint64_t* offset,
                                   uint64_t flags) {
#ifdef __linux__
  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex::Shared> lock(memory_lock_.shared());
  // Lookup containing allocation.
  auto mem = allocation_map_.upper_bound(ptr);
  if (mem != allocation_map_.begin()) {
    mem--;
    if ((mem->first <= ptr) &&
        (ptr < reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(mem->first) + mem->second.size)) {
      // Check size is in bounds.
      if (uintptr_t(ptr) - uintptr_t(mem->first) + size <= mem->second.size) {
        switch (mem->second.region->owner()->device_type()) {
          case Agent::kAmdGpuDevice: {
            auto* owner = static_cast<AMD::GpuAgent*>(mem->second.region->owner());

            if (flags & HSA_AMD_DMABUF_MAPPING_TYPE_PCIE && !owner->is_xgmi_cpu_gpu() &&
                !owner->LargeBarEnabled()) {
              return static_cast<hsa_status_t>(HSA_STATUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
            }
          } break;
          case Agent::kAmdCpuDevice:
            return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT;
          case Agent::kAmdAieDevice:
            break;
          case Agent::kUnknownDevice:
            return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT;
        }

        int fd;
        uint64_t off;
        hsa_status_t err = mem->second.region->owner()->driver().ExportDMABuf(
            const_cast<void*>(ptr), size, &fd, &off);

        if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
          assert((err != HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT) &&
                 "Thunk does not recognize an expected allocation.");
          return err;
        }

        *dmabuf = fd;
        *offset = off;
        return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
      }
    }
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
#else
  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_NOT_INITIALIZED;
#endif
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::DmaBufClose(int dmabuf) {
#ifdef __linux__
  int err = close(dmabuf);
  if (err == 0) return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_RESOURCE_FREE;
#else
  return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_NOT_INITIALIZED;
#endif
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryAddressReserve(void** va, size_t size, uint64_t address,
                                            uint64_t alignment, uint64_t flags) {
  void* addr = (void*)address;
  HsaMemFlags memFlags = {};

  if (!alignment) alignment = rocr::os::PageSize();

  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);

  if (flags & HSA_AMD_VMEM_ADDRESS_NO_REGISTER) {
    size_t requested = size + alignment - rocr::os::PageSize();
    auto mem = rocr::os::ReserveMemory(addr, requested, alignment, rocr::os::MEM_PROT_RW);
    if (mem == nullptr)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;

    auto aligned = AlignUp(mem, alignment);

    // Hint to enable THP for large host allocations which can help in performance gain
    constexpr size_t kLargePageSize = 2*1024*1024;
    if (size >= kLargePageSize) {
    #if defined(__linux__)
      if (madvise(aligned, size, MADV_HUGEPAGE))
        debug_warning(false && "madvise with MADV_HUGEPAGE failed");
    #endif
    }

    reserved_address_map_[aligned] = AddressHandle(mem, size, false);
    *va = aligned;
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }

  memFlags.ui32.OnlyAddress = 1;
  memFlags.ui32.FixedAddress = 1;

  /* Try to reserving the VA requested by user */
  if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtAllocMemoryAlign(0, size, alignment, memFlags, &addr)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    memFlags.ui32.FixedAddress = 0;
    /* Could not reserved VA requested, allocate alternate VA */
    if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtAllocMemoryAlign(0, size, alignment, memFlags, &addr)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
  }

  reserved_address_map_[addr] = AddressHandle(addr, size, true);
  *va = addr;
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryAddressFree(void* va, size_t size) {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  std::map<const void*, AddressHandle>::iterator it = reserved_address_map_.find(va);

  if (it == reserved_address_map_.end()) {
    debug_warning(false && "Can't find address in reserved address");
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
  }

  if (size != it->second.size) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

  if (it->second.use_count > 0) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_RESOURCE_FREE;

  if (it->second.registered) {
    if (HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtFreeMemory(it->second.os_addr, size)) != HSAKMT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
  }
  else if (!rocr::os::ReleaseMemory(it->second.os_addr, size))
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

  reserved_address_map_.erase(it);
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryHandleCreate(const MemoryRegion* region, size_t size,
                                          MemoryRegion::AllocateFlags alloc_flags,
                                          uint64_t flags_unused,
                                          hsa_amd_vmem_alloc_handle_t* memoryOnlyHandle) {
  const AMD::MemoryRegion* memRegion = static_cast<const AMD::MemoryRegion*>(region);

  if (!IsMultipleOf(size, memRegion->GetPageSize()))
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  ThunkHandle user_mode_driver_handle;
  hsa_status_t status =
      region->Allocate(size, alloc_flags, &user_mode_driver_handle, 0);
  if (status == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    memory_handle_map_.emplace(std::piecewise_construct,
                               std::forward_as_tuple(user_mode_driver_handle),
                               std::forward_as_tuple(region, size, flags_unused,
                                                     user_mode_driver_handle,
                                                     alloc_flags));

    *memoryOnlyHandle = MemoryHandle::Convert(user_mode_driver_handle);
  }
  return status;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryHandleRelease(hsa_amd_vmem_alloc_handle_t memoryOnlyHandle) {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  auto memoryHandleIt = memory_handle_map_.find(MemoryHandle::Convert(memoryOnlyHandle));

  if (memoryHandleIt == memory_handle_map_.end()) {
    debug_warning(false && "Can't find memory handle");
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
  }

  if (!memoryHandleIt->second.ref_count) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

  if (--(memoryHandleIt->second.ref_count) == 0) {
    // From documentation, the handle can be released while there are still outstanding mappings. If
    // there are outstanding mappings, then we just decrement the ref count and exit. We will free
    // this handle when the last MappedHandle is deleted
    // and use_count == 0 and ref_count == 0.

    if (memoryHandleIt->second.use_count > 0) return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    memoryHandleIt->second.region->Free(memoryHandleIt->first, memoryHandleIt->second.size);
    memory_handle_map_.erase(memoryHandleIt);
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryHandleMap(void* va, size_t size, size_t in_offset,
                                       hsa_amd_vmem_alloc_handle_t memoryOnlyHandle,
                                       uint64_t flags) {
  int drm_fd, dmabuf_fd = 0;
  uint64_t offset = 0, ret;
  uint64_t drm_cpu_addr = 0;

  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  auto addressHandle = VMemoryFindReservedAddressHandle(va);
  if (addressHandle == nullptr ||
      reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(va) + size >
          reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(addressHandle->os_addr) + addressHandle->size) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }

  /* Confirm that this VA range has not been mapped yet */
  auto upperMappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.upper_bound(va);
  if (upperMappedHandleIt != mapped_handle_map_.begin()) {
    upperMappedHandleIt--;
    if ((reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(upperMappedHandleIt->first) + upperMappedHandleIt->second.size) > va)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }
  auto lowerMappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.lower_bound(va);
  if (lowerMappedHandleIt != mapped_handle_map_.end()) {
    if (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(va) + size > lowerMappedHandleIt->first) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }

  auto memoryHandleIt = memory_handle_map_.find(MemoryHandle::Convert(memoryOnlyHandle));
  if (memoryHandleIt == memory_handle_map_.end()) {
    debug_warning(false && "Can't find memory handle");
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }

  auto *agent = memoryHandleIt->second.agentOwner();

  // For now, this is only supported for KFD due to the call to
  // GetAmdgpuDeviceArgs
  if (agent->device_type() != core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdGpuDevice)
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT;

  // Create handle by exporting and importing the memory from the owning agent
  auto &agent_driver = agent->driver();
  hsa_status_t status = agent_driver.ExportDMABuf(memoryHandleIt->first, size,
                                                  &dmabuf_fd, &offset);
  if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    return status;
  assert(offset == 0);

  ShareableHandle shareable_handle;
  status = agent_driver.ImportDMABuf(dmabuf_fd, *agent, shareable_handle);
  if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    return status;

  close(dmabuf_fd);

  // Get address that memory is mapped to
  ret = GetAmdgpuDeviceArgs(agent, shareable_handle, &drm_fd, &drm_cpu_addr);
  if (ret) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

  mapped_handle_map_.emplace(
      std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(va),
      std::forward_as_tuple(&memoryHandleIt->second, addressHandle, va, offset, size, drm_fd,
                            reinterpret_cast<void*>(drm_cpu_addr), HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE,
                            shareable_handle));

  addressHandle->use_count++;
  memoryHandleIt->second.use_count++;

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryHandleUnmap(void* va, size_t size) {
  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);
  std::list<std::pair<void*, MappedHandle*>> mappedHandles;

  // va + size may consist of multiple MappedHandle's.
  // Build a list lf MappedHandles within this VA range.

  uint8_t* va_ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(va);
  uint8_t* va_chunk = va_ptr;
  while (va_chunk < va_ptr + size) {
    auto mappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.find(va_chunk);
    // Cannot find a contiguous list of MappedHandles for the full VA range
    if (mappedHandleIt == mapped_handle_map_.end()) {
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
    }

    mappedHandles.push_back(std::make_pair(va_chunk, &mappedHandleIt->second));
    va_chunk += mappedHandleIt->second.size;
  }
  if (va_chunk != va_ptr + size) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
  }

  for (auto mappedHandleIt : mappedHandles) {
    // Remove access from all agents that were allowed access
    for (auto agentPermsIt = mappedHandleIt.second->allowed_agents.begin();
              agentPermsIt != mappedHandleIt.second->allowed_agents.end();) {
      assert(mappedHandleIt.first == agentPermsIt->second.va);
      hsa_status_t status = agentPermsIt->second.RemoveAccess();
      if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        return status;
      }
      agentPermsIt = mappedHandleIt.second->allowed_agents.erase(agentPermsIt);
    }

    if (mappedHandleIt.second->shareable_handle.IsValid()) {
      hsa_status_t status =
        mappedHandleIt.second->agentOwner()->driver().ReleaseShareableHandle(
                                      mappedHandleIt.second->shareable_handle);
      if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        return status;
      }
    }

    assert(mappedHandleIt.second->address_handle->use_count >= 1);
    mappedHandleIt.second->address_handle->use_count--;
    assert(mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->use_count >= 1);
    mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->use_count--;

    if (!mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->use_count &&
        !mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->ref_count) {
        // User called VMemoryHandleRelease while this mapping was still
        // outstanding. We need to delete the MemoryHandle as it is the last
        // MappedHandle that was using it.
      mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->region->Free(mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->thunk_handle,
                                                      mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->size);
      memory_handle_map_.erase(mappedHandleIt.second->mem_handle->thunk_handle);
    }

    mapped_handle_map_.erase(mappedHandleIt.first);

  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

Runtime::MappedHandleAllowedAgent::MappedHandleAllowedAgent(
    MappedHandle* _mappedHandle, Agent *targetAgent, void *va, size_t size,
    hsa_access_permission_t perms)
    : va(va), size(size), targetAgent(targetAgent), permissions(perms),
      mappedHandle(_mappedHandle) {

  // CPU agents have access as the memory is already mapped to the host.
  if (targetAgent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdCpuDevice) return;

  int dmabuf_fd = 0;
  uint64_t offset = 0;
  MemoryHandle *memHandle = mappedHandle->mem_handle;

  // Export memory from owner agent.
  hsa_status_t status = memHandle->agentOwner()->driver().ExportDMABuf(
      memHandle->thunk_handle, mappedHandle->size, &dmabuf_fd, &offset);
  assert(status == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS);
  if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    return;
  assert(offset == 0);

  // Import to target agent.
  status = targetAgent->driver().ImportDMABuf(dmabuf_fd, *targetAgent,
                                              shareable_handle);
  assert(status == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS);
  close(dmabuf_fd);
  if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    return;
}

Runtime::MappedHandleAllowedAgent::~MappedHandleAllowedAgent() {
  if (targetAgent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdCpuDevice) return;

  hsa_status_t status =
      targetAgent->driver().ReleaseShareableHandle(shareable_handle);
  assert(status == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS);
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::MappedHandleAllowedAgent::EnableAccess(hsa_access_permission_t perms) {
  if (targetAgent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdCpuDevice) {
  #if defined(__linux__)
    if (core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->thunkLoader()->IsDXG()) {
      // CPU cannot access GPU VRAM on WSL due to platform restrictions
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
    }
    void* mapped_ptr =
      mmap(va, size, PermissionsToMmapFlags(perms), MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED, mappedHandle->drm_fd,
            reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(mappedHandle->drm_cpu_addr));
    if (mapped_ptr != va)
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
  } else {
    hsa_status_t status = targetAgent->driver().Map(
        shareable_handle, va, mappedHandle->offset, size, perms);
    if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return status;
#else
    assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif
  }
  permissions = perms;
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::MappedHandleAllowedAgent::RemoveAccess() {
  if (targetAgent->device_type() == core::Agent::DeviceType::kAmdCpuDevice) {
    if (permissions != HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE) {
#if defined(__linux__)
      if (core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->thunkLoader()->IsDXG()) {
        // CPU cannot access GPU VRAM on WSL due to platform restrictions
        return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
      }

      if (munmap(va, size) != 0) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

      /* We need to keep the CPU mapping. So change it to PROT_NONE */
      void* mapped_ptr = mmap(va, mappedHandle->size, PROT_NONE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED,
                mappedHandle->drm_fd,
                reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(mappedHandle->drm_cpu_addr));
      if (mapped_ptr != va)
        return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;

      permissions = HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE;
#else
      assert(!"Unimplemented!");
#endif

    }
  } else {
    return targetAgent->driver().Unmap(
        shareable_handle, va, mappedHandle->offset, mappedHandle->size);
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

Runtime::MappedHandle::MappedHandle(MemoryHandle *mem_handle, AddressHandle *address_handle,
                 void* va, uint64_t offset, size_t size, int drm_fd, void *drm_cpu_addr,
                 hsa_access_permission_t perm, ShareableHandle shareable_handle)
  : mem_handle(mem_handle), address_handle(address_handle), offset(offset),
    size(size), drm_fd(drm_fd), drm_cpu_addr(drm_cpu_addr),
    shareable_handle(shareable_handle)
{
#if defined(__linux__)
  if (core::Runtime::runtime_singleton_->thunkLoader()->IsDXG()) return;
#endif

  /* Create a CPU mapping with PROT_NONE */
  auto cpu_agent = static_cast<AMD::GpuAgent*>(agentOwner())->GetNearestCpuAgent();
  auto agentPermsIt = allowed_agents.emplace(std::piecewise_construct,
                       std::forward_as_tuple(cpu_agent),
                       std::forward_as_tuple(this, cpu_agent, va,
                                             size, HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE))
                      .first;

  auto ret = agentPermsIt->second.EnableAccess(HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE);
  if (ret != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    throw AMD::hsa_exception(ret, "Failed to create default CPU mapping");
}

// Note: VMemorySetAccessPerHandle should be called with &memory_lock_ held
hsa_status_t
Runtime::VMemorySetAccessPerHandle(void *va, MappedHandle &mappedHandle,
                                   const hsa_amd_memory_access_desc_t *desc,
                                   const size_t desc_cnt) {
  for (int i = 0; i < desc_cnt; i++) {
    Agent *targetAgent = Agent::Convert(desc[i].agent_handle);

    const size_t &size = mappedHandle.size;
    const hsa_access_permission_t &perm = desc[i].permissions;

    auto agentPermsIt = mappedHandle.allowed_agents.find(targetAgent);
    if (agentPermsIt == mappedHandle.allowed_agents.end()) {
      /* Agent not previously allowed, we need a new entry */
      agentPermsIt =
          mappedHandle.allowed_agents
              .emplace(std::piecewise_construct,
                       std::forward_as_tuple(targetAgent),
                       std::forward_as_tuple(&mappedHandle, targetAgent, va,
                                             size, perm))
              .first;

      if (agentPermsIt->second.EnableAccess(perm) != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        mappedHandle.allowed_agents.erase(agentPermsIt);
        return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
      }
    } else {
      /* Previous permissions are same as current permission */
      if (agentPermsIt->second.permissions == perm)
        continue;

      /* Permissions are different - update access */
      if (agentPermsIt->second.RemoveAccess() != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        throw AMD::hsa_exception(HSA_STATUS_ERROR, "Failed to remove access for memory handle.");

      if (agentPermsIt->second.EnableAccess(perm) != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        mappedHandle.allowed_agents.erase(agentPermsIt);
        return HSA_STATUS_ERROR;
      }
    }
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemorySetAccess(void* va, size_t size,
                                       const hsa_amd_memory_access_desc_t* desc,
                                       const size_t desc_cnt) {
  std::list<std::pair<void*, MappedHandle*>> mappedHandles;

  // Validate all agents
  for (int i = 0; i < desc_cnt; i++) {
    Agent* targetAgent = Agent::Convert(desc[i].agent_handle);

    if (targetAgent == NULL || !targetAgent->IsValid()) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT;
  }

  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);

  auto addressHandle = VMemoryFindReservedAddressHandle(va);
  if (addressHandle == nullptr ||
      reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(va) + size >
          reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(addressHandle->os_addr) + addressHandle->size) {
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
  }

  // va + size may consist of multiple MappedHandle's. Build a list lf MappedHandles within this VA
  // range
  uint8_t* va_chunk = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(va);
  while (va_chunk < reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(va) + size) {
    auto mappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.find(va_chunk);
    // Cannot find a contiguous list of MappedHandles for the full VA range
    if (mappedHandleIt == mapped_handle_map_.end()) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

    mappedHandles.push_back(std::make_pair(va_chunk, &mappedHandleIt->second));
    va_chunk += mappedHandleIt->second.size;
  }

  hsa_status_t status;
  for (auto mappedHandleIt : mappedHandles) {
    status = VMemorySetAccessPerHandle(mappedHandleIt.first,
                                       *mappedHandleIt.second, desc, desc_cnt);
    if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return status;
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

// Note: VMemoryMapAllowAccess should be called with &memory_lock_ held
hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryMapAllowAccess(const void *va,
                                            const hsa_access_permission_t perm,
                                            const hsa_agent_t *agents,
                                            size_t num_agents) {
  hsa_amd_memory_access_desc_t *desc =
      new (std::nothrow) hsa_amd_memory_access_desc_t[num_agents];
  if (desc == nullptr)
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
  MAKE_SCOPE_GUARD([&]() { delete[] desc; });

  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_agents; i++) {
    Agent *targetAgent = Agent::Convert(agents[i]);
    if (targetAgent == nullptr || !targetAgent->IsValid())
      return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT;

    desc[i].permissions = perm;
    desc[i].agent_handle = agents[i];
  }

  std::list<std::pair<void *, MappedHandle *>> mappedHandles;

  auto mappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.upper_bound(va);
  if (mappedHandleIt != mapped_handle_map_.begin()) {
    mappedHandleIt--;

    if ((reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(mappedHandleIt->first) +
         mappedHandleIt->second.size) > va) {
      // We found a mapped handle. See if there are more contiguous mapped
      // handles and add them to the list

      uint8_t *va_chunk = (uint8_t *)mappedHandleIt->first;
      do {
        mappedHandles.push_back(
            std::make_pair(va_chunk, &mappedHandleIt->second));
        va_chunk += mappedHandleIt->second.size;

        mappedHandleIt++;
        if (mappedHandleIt == mapped_handle_map_.end())
          break;
      } while (va_chunk == mappedHandleIt->first);
    }
  }

  if (mappedHandles.empty())
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

  hsa_status_t status;
  for (auto mappedHandleIt : mappedHandles) {
    status = VMemorySetAccessPerHandle(
        mappedHandleIt.first, *mappedHandleIt.second, desc, num_agents);
    if (status != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      return status;
  }
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryGetAccess(const void* va, hsa_access_permission_t* perms,
                                       hsa_agent_t agent_handle) {
  *perms = HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE;
  bool mappedHandleFound = false;

  ScopedAcquire<KernelSharedMutex> lock(&memory_lock_);

  auto mappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.upper_bound(va);
  if (mappedHandleIt != mapped_handle_map_.begin()) {
    mappedHandleIt--;
    if ((mappedHandleIt->first <= va) &&
        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(va) <=
         (reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(mappedHandleIt->first) + mappedHandleIt->second.size)) {
      mappedHandleFound = true;
    }
  }
  if (!mappedHandleFound) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

  Agent* agent = Agent::Convert(agent_handle);
  if (agent == NULL || !agent->IsValid() || agent->device_type() != core::Agent::kAmdGpuDevice)
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_AGENT;

  auto agentPermsIt = mappedHandleIt->second.allowed_agents.find(agent);
  if (agentPermsIt != mappedHandleIt->second.allowed_agents.end()) {
    *perms = agentPermsIt->second.permissions;
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }

  /* Set access was not called on this memory handle */
  *perms = HSA_ACCESS_PERMISSION_NONE;
  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryExportShareableHandle(int* dmabuf_fd,
                                                   hsa_amd_vmem_alloc_handle_t handle,
                                                   uint64_t flags) {
  *dmabuf_fd = -1;
  auto memoryHandle = memory_handle_map_.find(MemoryHandle::Convert(handle));
  if (memoryHandle == memory_handle_map_.end()) {
    debug_warning(false && "Can't find memory handle");
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;
  }

  uint64_t offset;

  hsa_status_t err = memoryHandle->second.region->owner()->driver().ExportDMABuf(
      memoryHandle->second.thunk_handle, memoryHandle->second.size, dmabuf_fd, &offset);
  if (err != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS) return err;

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryImportShareableHandle(int dmabuf_fd,
                                                   hsa_amd_vmem_alloc_handle_t* memoryOnlyHandle) {
  auto lookupRegion = [this](int nodeid, const AMD::MemoryRegion** ret) {
    auto nodeAgent = agents_by_node_.find(nodeid);
    if (nodeAgent == agents_by_node_.end()) {
      *ret = NULL;
      return;
    }

    Agent* agent = nodeAgent->second.front();
    if (agent == nullptr || !agent->IsValid() || agent->device_type() != Agent::kAmdGpuDevice) {
      *ret = NULL;
      return;
    }

    for (const core::MemoryRegion* region : agent->regions()) {
      const AMD::MemoryRegion* amd_region = reinterpret_cast<const AMD::MemoryRegion*>(region);

      // TODO: Verify that this works on a system with FINE_GRAINED memory.
      // System's with FINE_GRAINED will have both COARSE and FINE grain... need to get the
      // rigtht one.

      bool alloc_allowed;
      hsa_status_t status =
          amd_region->GetInfo(HSA_REGION_INFO_RUNTIME_ALLOC_ALLOWED, &alloc_allowed);
      if (status == HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS && alloc_allowed) *ret = amd_region;
    }
  };

  HsaGraphicsResourceInfo info;
  int ret = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtRegisterGraphicsHandleToNodes(dmabuf_fd, &info, 0, NULL));
  if (ret) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_ARGUMENTS;

  ThunkHandle thunk_handle = info.MemoryAddress;
  size_t size = info.SizeInBytes;
  int gpuid = info.NodeId;


  auto memoryHandleIt = memory_handle_map_.find(thunk_handle);
  if (memoryHandleIt != memory_handle_map_.end()) {
    /* This handle was already imported, increment ref_count and return */
    memoryHandleIt->second.ref_count++;
    *memoryOnlyHandle = MemoryHandle::Convert(thunk_handle);
    return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }

  const AMD::MemoryRegion* region = NULL;
  lookupRegion(gpuid, &region);
  if (!region) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

  HsaPointerInfo ptrInfo;
  ret = HSAKMT_CALL(hsaKmtQueryPointerInfo(info.MemoryAddress, &ptrInfo));
  if (ret != HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS || ptrInfo.Type == HSA_POINTER_UNKNOWN)
    return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

  MemoryRegion::AllocateFlags alloc_flag = core::MemoryRegion::AllocateNoFlags;
  if (ptrInfo.MemFlags.ui32.NoSubstitute) alloc_flag |= core::MemoryRegion::AllocatePinned;

  memory_handle_map_.emplace(std::piecewise_construct,
          std::forward_as_tuple(thunk_handle),
          std::forward_as_tuple(region, size, 0, thunk_handle, alloc_flag));
  *memoryOnlyHandle = MemoryHandle::Convert(thunk_handle);

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryRetainAllocHandle(hsa_amd_vmem_alloc_handle_t* mapped_handle,
                                               void* va) {
  auto mappedHandleIt = mapped_handle_map_.find(va);
  if (mappedHandleIt == mapped_handle_map_.end()) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

  MemoryHandle* memoryHandle = mappedHandleIt->second.mem_handle;
  memoryHandle->ref_count++;
  *mapped_handle = MemoryHandle::Convert(memoryHandle->thunk_handle);

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::VMemoryGetAllocPropertiesFromHandle(hsa_amd_vmem_alloc_handle_t allocHandle,
                                                          const core::MemoryRegion** mem_region,
                                                          hsa_amd_memory_type_t* type) {
  auto memoryHandleIt = memory_handle_map_.find(MemoryHandle::Convert(allocHandle));
  if (memoryHandleIt == memory_handle_map_.end()) return HSA_STATUS_ERROR_INVALID_ALLOCATION;

  *mem_region = memoryHandleIt->second.region;
  *type = (memoryHandleIt->second.alloc_flag & core::MemoryRegion::AllocatePinned)
      ? MEMORY_TYPE_PINNED
      : MEMORY_TYPE_NONE;

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

hsa_status_t Runtime::EnableLogging(uint8_t* flags, void* file) {
  memcpy(log_flags, flags, sizeof(log_flags));

  if (file)
    log_file = reinterpret_cast<FILE*>(file);
  else
    log_file = stderr;

  return HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

}  // namespace core
}  // namespace rocr
